Family Putoidae
Palaeotupo Koteja & AzarNOMENCLATURE:
Palaeotupo Koteja & Azar, 2008: 158. Type species: Palaeotupo danielae Koteja & Azar, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of alate male by Koteja & Azar (2008)
SYSTEMATICS: Koteja & Azar (2008) assigned Palaeotupo to Putoidae. The interrogative mark before the family name, is probably an indication to their doubts. Koteja & Azar (2008) defined the genus: Male putoid-like neococcid with two rows of simple eyes and knobbed setae on apical antennal joint, narrow penial sheath, and lacking claw digitules and teeth.
KEYS: Koteja & Azar 2008: 135 (male) [Lebanese amber inclusions].
CITATIONS: KotejaAz2008 [description, taxonomy: 158].
Palaeotupo danieleae Koteja & AzarNOMENCLATURE:
Palaeotupo danieleae Koteja & Azar, 2008: 158. Type data: LEBANON: Lower Cretaceous, Mdeyrij/Hammana, Caza Baabda, Mouhafazet Jabal Loubnan (Central Lebanon). Holotype male. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. HAN-582. Described: male. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Lebanon [KotejaAz2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of alate adult male by Koteja & Azar (2008).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was described alate adult male inclusion in Lower Cretaceous Lebanese anber (Koteja & Azar, 2008).
CITATIONS: HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 799]; KotejaAz2008 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 158].
Puto SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Putonia Signoret, 1875c: 341. Type species: Putonia antennata Signoret, by monotypy. Homonym of Putonia Stal, 1872, in Heteroptera..
Puto Signoret, 1876a: 394. Replacement name for Putonia Signoret, 1875c.
Macrocerococcus Leonardi, 1907b: 151. Type species: Macrocerococcus superbus Leonardi, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980b: 110. Notes: A subjective synonym of Puto.
Ceroputo; Ferris, 1918d. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Tang, 1992.
Leococcus; Kawai, 1980. Incorrect synonymy.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Miller & McKenzie (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993), Kosztarab (1996) and by Williams (2004a). Redescrption and analysis in Williams et al. (2011).
STRUCTURE: Adult female: eye height usually as great as length of first antennal segment; antennae usually with 9 segments, rarely with 8; antennal intersegmental sensilla present between segments III-IV, IV-V and VI-VII; each surface of trochanter with 2-5 (usually 3 or 4) campaniform sensilla; claw usually with pair of basal spurs; claw digitules often capitate but tarsal digitules almost never capitate; at least 18 pairs of cerarii on sclerotised plates, if more pairs present, increase due to division of cerarii on certain segments; long tubular ducts almost always present on frons (anterior to mouthparts); multilocular pores present on venter (except in P. peyerinhoffi); quinquelocular pores absent (except in P. peyerinhoffi); trilocular pores usually of 3 sizes, ventral pores smallest, dorsal pores noticeably larger, cerarian pores slightly larger than dorsal pores. Third-instar female: resembles adult female but with 8-segmented antennae, 2-3 campaniform sensilla on each surface of trochanter, fewer pores and ducts and a non-functional vulva. First-instar nymph: 7-segmented antennae; multilocular pores with >5 loculi. Adult male: row of 8-15 (usually 14) eyes surrounding head, plus a pair of lateral ocelli; with one pair of lateral filaments near apex of abdomen (each filament from glandular pouch on each side of abdominal segment VIII); penial sheath 1-segmented, apex of aedeagus either bifid or simple. (Williams, et al., 2011).
SYSTEMATICS: The name Puto, proposed by Signoret (1876), was a replacement name for the occupied name Putonia Signoret, a genus described for the single species Putonia antennata Signoret from France by Signoret (1875). Females and immature males of Puto resemble mealybugs, family Pseudococcidae, and especially some species of Phenacoccus Cockerell. Adult females of Phenacoccus and Puto are similar in possessing 18 basic pairs of cerarii, usually 9-segmented antennae, ostioles, and often a circulus. For almost 100 years, species of Puto were included among the Pseudococcidae. However, it has long been known that adult males of Puto possess a row of unicorneal eyes encircling the head plus a pair of ocelli, whereas adult males of species of Pseudococcidae have only a dorsal and ventral pair of unicorneal eyes and a pair of ocelli. Beardsley (1969) was the first to place Puto in its own family, Putoidae, based on male features, and this action has gained wide recognition (e.g., Hodgson & Foldi, 2006; Gullan & Cook, 2007; Williams, et al., 2011). Because this new family name did not describe the taxon sufficiently, it is considered a nomen nudum and the correct author of the family is Tang 1992. (Gavrilov-Zimin & Danzig 2012). Gavrilov-Zimin and Danzig (2012) provide evidence that Puto should not be included in a separate family but should be part of the Pseudococcidae and should include 2 subgenera Puto and Ceroputo. In 2014, they created several morphological groups of genera (g/g) within the Pseudococcidae. One of these groups is g/g Puto. "In addition to the genus Puto itself wih its two subgenera (they) include also in the group monotypic genera Trimerococcus (North Africa) and Eastia (South Africa) and (the) large tropical genus Rastrococcus Ferris, 1954, some species of which are known also from the utmost South-East of (the) Palaearctic (South of China)" They include a section on pages 45-59 concerning their opinion of the taxonomic position of the genus Puto.
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 138 (female) [Key to genera of g/g Puto]; Williams 2004a: 39 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Marotta & Tranfaglia 1993: 174 (female) [Central Europe and Mediterranean Basin]; Tang 1992: 384 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 41 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 468-469 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of the Russia]; Danzig 1988: 698-699 (female) [Species Far East of the USSR]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 136 (female) [Central Europe ]; Matile-Ferrero 1985: 140 (female) [Species South America]; Danzig 1980b: 112-113 (female) [Far East Russia]; Danzig 1978b: 124-125 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Tereznikova 1975: 240 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 38 (female) [Armenia]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 10 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 327-329 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 32 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 690 (female) [North America ]; McKenzie 1960: 730-731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949 (female) [USSR]; Borchsenius 1949: 286 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1948b: 33 (female) [six species of USSR].
CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 155]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 75, 213, 220, 417-41]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 285-286, 289-291]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109-113]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 137-178]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 89, 94]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 190-192]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 423]; FoldiKo2006 [taxonomy: 309]; GavrilDa2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 97-111]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; HodgsoFo2005 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 35-48]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy: 218]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 188-189]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 135-136]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 207]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 48]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 118]; LinKoGu2013 [molecular data, phylogeny: 257]; MarottTr1985 [taxonomy, description: 216-218]; MarottTr1993 [taxonomy, description: 171-173]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 326-329]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description: 515-516]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 33, 106, 113, 170]; Signor1875c [taxonomy: 341]; Signor1876a [taxonomy: 394]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 10-11, 26]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 238-240]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 711]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 465-469]; WilliaGuMi2011 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 1-22].
Puto acirculus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto acirculus McKenzie, 1960: 731. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Ventura County, Santa Paula, on Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: grass Puto mealybug [McKenz1967]; grass puto mealybug; grass-infesting puto [McKenz1960].
HOST: Poaceae: Elymus [McKenz1960, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967). See colour photograph in McKenzie (1967).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 327 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 32 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 730 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 418]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 731-733]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329-330].
Puto albicans McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto albicans McKenzie, 1967: 329. Type data: U.S.A.: California, El Dorado County, near Placerville, on Arctostaphylos sp. and Ceanothus cuneatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: white mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus cuneatus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]).
BIOLOGY: Adult females occurring predominently on the stems of their host plant, whereas the males occur on the foliage.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967). See colour illustration of the adult female in McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 418]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329, 331-333]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; SzklarMiCz2010 [structure, physiology, phylogenetics: 589-595].
Puto ambiguus (Fullaway)NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroputo ambigua Fullaway, 1909: 73. Nomen nudum.
Ceroputo ambigua Fullaway, 1910a: 227. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, near Stanford Univerity, on Salicornia ambigua. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.
Puto ambigua; Ferris, 1918d: 62. Change of combination.
Puto ambiguus; McKenzie, 1967: 333. Justified emendation.
COMMON NAME: ambiguous mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Salicornia ambigua [Fullaw1910a, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Cotyledon [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Fullaw1910a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the branches of its host plants. The male is wingless. Ferris (1950b) commented that this appears to be a seashore species, associated with plants of the type commonly known as succulents.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 469 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 192 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 418]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 62-63]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194]; Fullaw1909 [taxonomy: 73]; Fullaw1910a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 227]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-335]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 64].
Puto antennatus (Signoret)NOMENCLATURE:
Putonia antennata Signoret, 1875c: 341. Type data: FRANCE: Briancon, on Cembra [= Pinus]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Puto antennata; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.
Puto antennatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 418. Justified emendation.
COMMON NAME: conifer mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Picea abies [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Picea excelsa [MatilePe2002], Pinus cembra [Zahrad1974, Marott1987a, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1974, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; France [Signor1875c, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1980, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Italy [Marott1987a, SampoOl1979, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, MatilePe2002]; Switzerland [Lindin1909b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on needles and in bark crevices of conifers. Biology in Italy studied by Sampo & Olmi (1979). Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993). Good description of the adult female given by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Reyne (1954a).
STRUCTURE: Female body up to 4 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Trochanter with 3 sensillae. Claw with well developed denticle; claw digitules longer than claw with slightly enlarged apex. Circulus one, large, elongate oval. Multilocular pores scattered in all medial zone of venter and forming groups near spiracles. Quinquelocular pores absent. Trilocular pores scattered on all body surface; less numerous on abdominal teergites; dorsal trilocular pores larger than ventral ones. Tubular ducts of two sizes; wide ducts present only along margin of 3 posterior abdominal stnites and ocasionally present on margin of thoracic sternites; narrow ducts forming frontal group anteriorly to mouthparts. Marginal cerarii numbering 20 pairs. Additional medial cerarii forming one pair on head. Dorsal surface of body covered by thin conical setae, slightly smaller than cerarian setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 136 (female) [Central Europe].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 418]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 265,269]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 141-144]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136-137]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 253]; Lindin1909a [host, distribution: 225]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 112]; MarottTr1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-176]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; Reyne1954a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291-324]; SampoOl1979 [host, distribution, life history: 172-178]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 341]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 405]; Zahrad1974 [host, distribution: 141].
Puto antioquensis (Murillo)NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroputo antioquensis Murillo, 1931: 945. Type data: COLOMBIA: Antioquia, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Puto antioquensis; Ferris, 1950b: 211. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Murill1931, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Murill1931, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 469 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 419]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 211]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; Murill1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 945-949]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 471-473].
Puto arctostaphyli FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Puto arctostaphyli Ferris, 1950b: 195. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Placer County, Gold Run, on Arctostaphylos sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Puto arctostaphylli; Ben-Dov, 1994: 419. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAMES: Manzanita mealybug [McKenz1967]; manzanita mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOST: Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring primarily on the foliage of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967) and by Johnson & Lyon (1988).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 329 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 192 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 419]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-337].
Puto atriplicis McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto atriplicis McKenzie, 1961: 33. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, Palm Springs, on Atriplex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: Atriplex mealybug [McKenz1967]; atriplex mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [McKenz1961, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crown of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 419]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-35]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 337-339].
Puto avitus (Menge)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus avitus Menge, 1856: 17. Type data: BALTIC AMBER: male inclusion in Baltic amber, Tertiary-Eocene. Syntypes, male. Described: male.
Puto avitus; Koteja, 2000c: 207. Change of combination.
CITATIONS: Koteja2000c [taxonomy, distribution: 207]; Menge1856 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 17]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 10].
Puto barberi (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus yuccae barberi Cockerell, 1895q: 61. Type data: ANTIGUA: on Allamanda [= Allemanda], Thunbergia grandiflora, Coleus and Croton. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus yuccae barberi; Cockerell, 1896f: 39. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroputo barberi; Cockerell, 1901j: 166. Change of combination and rank.
Phenacoccus trinidadensis Laing, 1925: 52. Type data: TRINIDAD: Toco Beach, on Coccoloba uvifera. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Laing, 1929a: 475.
Puto barberi; Ferris, 1950b: 197. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Allemanda [Cocker1895q, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Schefflera [KondoRaVe2008]. Asteraceae: Mikania micrantha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Berberidaceae: Nandina domestica [KondoRaVe2008]. Bignoniaceae: Spathodea campanulata [KondoRaVe2008]. Bromeliaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera japonica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cycadaceae [KondoRaVe2008]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha distorta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acalypha wilkesiana [Bennet1957, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006], Croton [Cocker1895q, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia purpurea [KondoRaVe2008], Cajanus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gliricidia sepium [Bennet1957, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Cocker1895q, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lomariopsidaceae: Elaphoglossum latifolium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Cuphea racimosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [KondoRaVe2008]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [MatileEt2006]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea glabra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [Laing1925a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [KondoRaVe2008], Coffea arabica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008]. Rutaceae: Amyris pinnata [KondoRaVe2008], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Citrus maxima [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus nobilis major [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [MatileEt2006], Swinglea glutinosa [KondoRaVe2008]. Solanaceae: Physalis micondroi [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Thunbergiaceae: Thunbergia [KondoRaVe2008], Thunbergia grandiflora. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [Bennet1957, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1895q, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004, KondoRaVe2008]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Grenada [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Montserrat [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [Cocker1895q, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Trinidad [Cocker1895q, Laing1925a, Bennet1957, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 469 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 192 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 419-420]; Cocker1895q [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61]; Cocker1901j [taxonomy: 166]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-198]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 311]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 46]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52]; Laing1929a [taxonomy: 475]; Malump2012b [distribution: 211]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 183]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 473-475].
Puto borealis (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroputo pilosellae; Kiritshenko, 1931: 315. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1948b: 38.
Macrocerococcus borealis Borchsenius, 1948b: 38. Type data: RUSSIA: Ural, on unidentified plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1999: 85. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
Puto janetscheki Balachowsky, 1953m: 295. Type data: FRANCE: Hautes Alpes, Tete de l'Aure and Roche Blanche, on Poa alpina, Luzula sp., Vaccinium myrtillus and Alchemila sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 144.
Puto alpinus Balachowsky, 1953m: 298. Type data: FRANCE: Hautes Alpes, Roche Blanche, on roots of Alchemila sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 177.
Puto janetcheki; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Misspelling of species name.
Macrocerococcus janetscheki; Tang, 1992: 398. Change of combination.
Puto borealis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 420. Change of combination.
Puto borealis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 420. Revived combination.
COMMON NAMES: Alpine mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; alpine mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Juniperus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium myrtillus [Balach1953m, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Luzula [Balach1953m, BenDov1994], Poa alpinus [Balach1953m, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Alchemilla [Balach1953m, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Zahrad1956, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; France [Balach1953m, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1999], Krasnoyarsk Kray [Danzig1999], Magadan Oblast [Danzig1999], Urals [Borchs1948b, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and lower parts of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1948b, 1949) and by Danzig (1999).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1953m) and by Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993). Good description of the adult female given by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).
STRUCTURE: Female body up to 5 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Trochanger with 3 sensillae. Claw without denticle; claw digitules shorter than claw, with pointed apex. Circulus one, small broadly oval. Multilocular pores with 1-3 central loculi, umerous on all vental surfaces. Quinquelocular pores absent. Trilocular pores scattered on all surfaces of the body; dorsal trilocular pores larger than ventral ones Tubular ducts of two sizes, present on venter only; short ducts forming trnasverse rows on abdominal sternites; long ducts present in small number anteriorly to mouthparts; sometimes these frontal ducts completely absent. Marginal cerarii numbering 19-20 pairs; additional derarii forming submarginal row. Dorsal surface of body covered by large conical setae with are similar in size with cerarian setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: This alpine Puto species was described from various plants in the Hautes Alpes of southeastern France. Puto alpinus was described based on the third-instar female and was synonymised with P. janetscheki by Marotta and Tranfaglia (1993). The claws are without denticles, but other features of the adult female are typical for Puto species, including the presence of a pair of basal spurs on each claw. (Williams, et al., 2011) This species has a unique character - the absence of claw denticle - consistent in both P. borealis and P. janetscheki and, unable to find any differences between the two, P janetscheki was determined to be a junior synomym of P. borealis. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 699 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 136 (female) [as Puto janetscheki; Central Europe]; Danzig 1978b: 125 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Borchsenius 1949: 291 (female) [Palaearctric region]; Borchsenius 1948b: 33 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Balach1953m [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-298]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 420, 423]; Borchs1948b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38-39]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 299]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 141-142,145-147]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 315]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 72]; MarottTr1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 398-399]; WilliaGuMi2011 [taxonomy: 12]; Zahrad1956 [host, distribution: 50]; Zahrad1974 [host, distribution: 141].
Puto brunnitarsis (Signoret)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus brunnitarsis Signoret, 1875c: 332. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, on 'Bouraches' (= Borago officinalis). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.
Phenacoccus brunnitarsis; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus brunnitarsus; Newstead, 1903: 176. Misspelling of species name.
Phenacoccus brunitarsis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 311. Misspelling of species name.
Puto brunitarsis; Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 253. Misspelling of species name.
Puto brunnitarsis; Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 253. Change of combination.
HOST: Boraginaceae: Borago officinalis [Signor1875c, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Signor1875c, BenDov1994, BenDovMa1995, Foldi2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Newstead (1903) listed this species as probably a synonym of P. aceris.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 311]; BenDovMa1995 [taxonomy: 253]; Cocker1896b [catalogue: 324]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 176]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332].
Puto bryanthi FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Puto bryanthi Ferris, 1950b: 199. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Tulare County, near Mineral King, on Bryanthus [= Phyllodoce] breweri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: bryanthus mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOST: Ericaceae: Phyllodoce breweri [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], South Dakota [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Wyoming [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems, well down in the plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 192 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 420]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-200]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-340].
Puto calcitectus (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus calcitectus Cockerell, 1901d: 334. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Beulah, on heads of grasses (Koeleria and Phleum). Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Ceroputo calcitectus; Cockerell, 1901j: 166. Change of combination.
Puto calcitectus; Ferris, 1950: 201. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Koeleria [Cocker1901d, BenDov1994], Phleum [Cocker1901d, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Cocker1901d, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Both adult females and male cocoons occur exposed on the blades of the grass (Ferris, 1950b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 192 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 421]; Cocker1901d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 334-335]; Cocker1901j [taxonomy: 166]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-202].
Puto californicus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto ambigua; Ferris, 1950b: 193. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 477.
Puto ambigua; McKenzie, 1967: 333. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 477.
Puto californicus McKenzie, 1967: 339. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, near San Bernardino, on Lotus scoparius. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: California Puto mealybug [McKenz1967]; california puto mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Amaryllidaceae: Celosia floribunda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Ferocactus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lotus scoparius [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Guaiacum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crown and roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 468 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 421]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339, 341, 342]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 475-477].
Puto caucasicus HadzibejliNOMENCLATURE:
Puto caucasicus Hadzibejli, 1956: 515. Type data: GEORGIA: Tatsa, Meskheti, on Abies orientalis and A. nordmanianna. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1999: 85. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Yerevan: Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Armenia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies nordmanniana [Hadzib1956, BenDov1994, Danzig1999], Abies orientalis [Hadzib1956, BenDov1994], Picea orientalis [Danzig1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1956, BenDov1994]); Russia (Caucasus [Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Biology and ecology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1956, 1959a) and by Danzig (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
STRUCTURE: The adult females have 8-segmented antennae with segment III about twice the length of the others and with pseudoarticulation, and each trochanter possesses two (rarely three) campaniform sensilla. Ilya Gavrilov also examined first-instar nymphs and stated that they have 6- or 7-segmented antennae and adult males have 5 pairs of unicorneal eyes. (Williams, et al., 2011) Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2015, describe the adult female with 9-segmented antennae and the trocanter with 3 sensillae.
SYSTEMATICS: The presence of spurs at the base of the claw and a well-developed claw denticle (Danzig, 1999), as well as the distribution of intersegmental sensilla on the antennae of these specimens, are features consistent with other species of Puto. (Williams, et al., 2011)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 421]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-88]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 141-142, 147-149]; Hadzib1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 515-518]; Hadzib1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 575-582]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 72]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 145-146]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 406]; WilliaGuMi2011 [taxonomy: 12].
Puto cupressi (Coleman)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus sequoiae; Coleman, 1901: 412. Misidentification; discovered by Ferris, 1918d: 63. Notes: Ferris (1918d:63) and Ferris (1950b:203) indicated that the male only of Pseudococcus sequoiae Coleman, 1901 belong to Puto cupressi (Coleman).
Pseudococcus cupressi Coleman, 1908: 197. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Pacific Grove, on Cupressus macrocarpa. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.
Puto cupressi; Ferris, 1918d: 63. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: California nutmeg mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Cupressus macrocarpa [Colema1908, Essig1909a, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Abies concolor [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Picea engelmanni [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Pinus albicaulis [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Pinus ponderosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Pinus radiata [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Pinus torreyana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pseudotsuga taxifolia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Torreya californica [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]. Taxodiaceae: Sequoia sempervirens [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [Colema1901, Colema1908, Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Utah [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living in clusters at the base of cypress cones.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967). Ferris (1918b) noted that the syntypes male of Dactylopius sequoiae Coleman (now Spilococcus sequoiae are P. cupressi.
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 32 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 191 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 422]; Colema1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 412]; Colema1908 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 197]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 38]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63-64]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-345].
Puto decorosus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto decorosus McKenzie, 1967: 345. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, near Camp Angelus, on Diplacus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: decorated mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOST: Scrophulariaceae: Diplacus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Usually occurring on the roots of its host plant, but also on the crown in heavy infestations.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 422]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345-346].
Puto echinatus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto echinatus McKenzie, 1961: 35. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, Malibu, on Batis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: fluffy mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Batidaceae: Batis [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex semibaccata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Chenopodium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Salsola kali [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Abronia umbellata [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Onagraceae: Oenothera cheiranthifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Tribulus terrestris [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring mainly on the crown and roots of the host plant, frequently found on the lower leaves near the ground.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 468 (female) [Central and South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 32 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 422]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-37]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347-350]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 477-479].
Puto huangshanensis Wu, S.A.NOMENCLATURE:
Puto huangshanensis Wu, S.A., 2001a: 333-335. Type data: CHINA: Anhui, Huangshan, on Quercus sp.; collected Wu, S.A., 13 May 1999. Two female paratype were collected on unidentified grass, with same locality and date. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Forestry University, Beijing, China. Described: both sexes.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Wu2001a]. Poaceae [Wu2001a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu2001a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and aduly male by Wu (2001a).
SYSTEMATICS: Puto huangshanensis is similar to but differs in the presence of few 5-locular pores on anterior abcominal sternites and more numberous tubular ducts in frontal group. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto].
CITATIONS: DanzigGa2014 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; Wu2001a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-335].
Puto israelensis Ben-DovNOMENCLATURE:
Puto israelensis Ben-Dov, 2001a: 105. Type data: ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Mas'ada Forest, on leaves of Quercus calliprinos. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alnifolia [BenDov2001a], Quercus calliprinos [BenDov2001a, SpodekBeMe2014].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Cyprus [BenDov2001a]; Israel [BenDov2001a, SpodekBeMe2014].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (2001a).
STRUCTURE: In life, adult female oval; dorsum covered with loose, white wax flakes; margin with 10-12 fine pointed wax filaments and two anal filaments; eyes black, distinct. Colour of dorsum of body brown-yellow; with a brown, longitudinal area (about 1/3 width of body) that extends from cephalic margin and terminates about 1/3 body length anterior to anal apex; submargin of dorsum with 7-8 brown spots. Venter colour bright brown (Ben-Dov, 2001a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is very similar to Puto peyerimhoffi but differs in the total absence of multilocular pores. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2015)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto].
CITATIONS: BenDov2001a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-108]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 38, 42]; DanzigGa2014 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 149-150]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, illustration: 112, 116, 118].
Puto kondarensis (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroputo superbus; Archangelskaya, 1937: 128. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1948b: 35.
Macrocerococcus kondarensis Borchsenius, 1948b: 35. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Gisarskii Ridge and UZBEKISTAN: Zeravshanskii Ridge, on Artemisia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1999: 81. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
Puto kondarensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 424. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Araceae: Arum [Danzig1999]. Asteraceae: Achillea [Danzig1999], Artemisia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [Danzig1999], Geranium [Danzig1999]. Platanaceae: Platanus [Danzig1999]. Plumbaginaceae: Acantholimon [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Atraphaxis [Danzig1999]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Danzig1999]. Umbelliferae: Ferula [Danzig1999], Prangos [Danzig1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [DanzigGa2014]; Kazakhstan [Danzig1999]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) (Osh Oblast [Danzig1999]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]; Turkmenistan [Danzig1999]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1999].
BIOLOGY: There are two generations per year with overwintering as ultimate and penultimate larvae. According to Bazarov (1968) the reproduction can be bisexual as well as parthenogenetic. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1948b, 1949), Tang (1992) and by Danzig (1999).
STRUCTURE: Female body up to 5 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Trochanger with 3-4 sensillae. Claw with denticle; claw digitules shorter than claw, with pointed apex. Circulus large, broadly oval. Multilocular pores scattered on all medial zone of ventrum and forming groups near spiracles. Quinquelocular pores absent. Trilocular pores evenly scattered on most part of body surface, excluding only medial zone of venter, where they are replaced by multilocular pores; dorsal trilocular pores larger than ventral ones. Tubular ducts of two sized; larger ducte present in and near cerarii and sparsely on other parts of the dorsal surface of the body; small ducts forming small frontal group anteriorly to mouthparts. Marginal cee=rarii numbering 20-22 pairs; additional (smaller cerarii forming 4-6 ongitudinal rows on all dorsum. Dorsal surface of the body covered by conical setae of different sizes, many of which are similar to cerarian setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to P. superbus, but differs in the presence of dorsal tubular ducts not only in marginal cerarii, but on other parts of the dorsal surface. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 291 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1948b: 33 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Archan1937 [taxonomy: 128]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue, taxonomy: 35]; Borchs1948b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 292-294]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 150-152]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 400].
Puto konoi TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Puto konoi Takahashi, 1941c: 164. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, on Abies mariesii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.
HOST: Pinaceae: Abies mariesii [Takaha1941c, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Sakhalin Oblast [Takaha1941c, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Takahashi (1941c), Danzig (1980b) and by Tang (1992).
STRUCTURE: Female body broadly oval, up to 3 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Claw with denticle; claw digitules longer than claw, with slightly enlarged apex. Numerous multilocular pores scattered on all ventral surface of body. Tubular ducts numerous on venter, excluding anterior part of body. Marginal cerarii numbering 19-20 pairs. Additional cerarii numbering 4 pairs on thorax and anterior abdominal tergites; each with 2-3 conical setae and 3-4 associated trilocular pores. Dorsal surface of body covered by short, thin conical setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to P. pini but differs in the total absence of dorsal tubular ducts. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto]; Danzig 1988: 699 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Danzig 1978b: 125 (female) [Far East of the USSR ].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 424-425]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 115]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 90]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 152-]; Takaha1941c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 164-165]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 407-408].
Puto kosztarabi Miller & MillerNOMENCLATURE:
Puto kosztarabi Miller & Miller, 1993b: 9. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Floyd County, Buffalo Mountain, on Danthonia spicata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: buffalo mountain mealybug [MillerMi1993b].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Danthonia spicata [MillerMi1993b], Spartina alternifolia [Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Virginia [MillerMi1993b, Koszta1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female, adult male, male prepupa and pupa, and female and male nymphs given by Miller & Miller (1993).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 189 (female) [Northeastern North USA].
CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 110]; MillerMi1993b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-33].
Puto lamottei Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Puto lamottei Matile-Ferrero, 1985: 136. Type data: VENEZUELA: Merida, Sierra de la Culata, paramo de Piedras Blancas, on Espeletia timotensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Espeletia timotensis [Matile1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Matile1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1985) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 468 (female) [Central and South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 425]; Matile1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-137]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 479-480].
Puto lasiorum (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroputo lasiorum Cockerell, 1901j: 166. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, in nests of Lasius [= Acanthomyops] interjectus under rocks. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: See Miller and McKenzie (1973) for type data.
Ceroputo lassiorum; MacGillivray, 1921: 144. Misspelling of species name.
Puto lasiorum; Essig, 1926: 286. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: dorsal-cerarius mealybug [MillerMc1973].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Yucca [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisaefolia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Colorado [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Cocker1901j, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living in the crowns of its host plants, and found under rocks and in ants's nests; Acanthomyops sp., A. interjectus and Lasius alienus.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), Miller & McKenzie (1973) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 469 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 192 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 425]; Essig1926 [taxonomy: 286]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 144]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 516-518]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 479, 481, 482].
Puto laticribellum McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto laticribellum McKenzie, 1961: 37. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Shasta County, Old Station, om Pinus ponderosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: pine bark mealybug [McKenz1961, McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Libocedrus decurrens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus jeffreyi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pinus ponderosa [McKenz1961, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring in the cracks in the bark on the main tree trunk.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 32 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 425]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-39]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350-352].
Puto marsicanus Marotta & TranfagliaNOMENCLATURE:
Puto marsicanus Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 179. Type data: ITALY: Abruzzo, Civitella Alfedena (AQ), on Trifolium repens. Holotype female. Type depository: Potenza: Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-forestali della Universita della Basilicata, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Trifolium repens [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 425]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; MarottTr1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-182].
Puto megriensis (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Macrocerococcus megriensis Borchsenius, 1948b: 36. Type data: ARMENIA: Megri, on Artemisia sp. and Dianthus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1999: 81. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
Puto megriensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 426. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Cynareae: Cnicus sp. [KaydanKo2010a]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1948b, 1949).
STRUCTURE: Female up to 5 mm long. Trochanter with 3 sensillae. Claw with denticle; claw digitules shorter than claw, with pointed apex. Circulus large, broadly oval. Multilocular pores acattered on entire medial zone of venter and forming froups near spiracles; their number varies on abdominal sternites. Quinquuelocular pores absent. Trilocular pores evenly scattered on most of the body surface; trilocular pores in cerarii larger than other pores. Tubular ducts of three sizes; larger ducts present near marginal cerarii; separate large ducts or their groups also sparsely present on dorsal surface; medium ducts sparsely present in medial zone of thoracic and abdominal sternites; small thin ducts present in frontal group anteriorly to mothparts. Additional cerarii forming submarginal row; separate small additional cerarii also present in medial zone of 3 posterior abdominal tergites. Dorsal surface of body covered by conical setae of different sizes.
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141--142 (female) [Key to species of Puto]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 216 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 291 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1948b: 33 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 426]; Borchs1948b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36-37]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 294-296]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-82]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 153-155]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 38]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 401]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-218].
Puto mexicanus (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius mexicanus Cockerell, 1893o: 49. Type data: MEXICO: Mexico City, on unidentified host. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus yuccae mexicanus; Cockerell, 1899e: 7. Change of combination and rank.
Ceroputo yuccae mexicanus; Cockerell, 1901j: 166. Change of combination.
Dactylopius yuccae mexicanus; Fernald, 1903b: 95. Change of combination.
Ceroputo koebelei Ehrhorn, 1911: 278. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Benson, on Quercus englemanni. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 208.
Puto mexicanus; Ferris, 1950b: 208. Change of combination and rank.
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dasylirion aerotiche [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Quercus engelmannii [Ehrhor1911, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Ferris1950a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Phytolaccaceae: Phytolacca [Cocker1893o, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1893o, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [Ehrhor1911, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 469 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 329 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 192 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: Cocker1893o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 7]; Cocker1901j [taxonomy: 166]; Ehrhor1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 278-279]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 95]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-210]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 482, 483].
Puto orientalis DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Puto orientalis Danzig, 1978b: 128. Type data: RUSSIA: Yakutia-Sakha (= Yakut) AR, Khaptagay, Irkutsk, on Ribes rubrum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Araliaceae: Eleutherococcus senticosus [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]. Crassulaceae: Ledum macrophyllum [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron schlippenbachii [KwonDaPa2003]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes [Danzig1999], Ribes rubrum [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Bergenia pacifica [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]. Rosaceae: Physocarpus amurensis [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]. Schisandraceae: Schisandra chinensis [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Khabarovsk Kray [Danzig1999], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994]); South Korea [KwonDaPa2003].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1978b, 1980b) and by Kwon et al. (2003). Description of adult female by Tang (1992).
STRUCTURE: Female up to 5 mm long. Trochanter with 3 sensillae. Claw with denticle; claw digitures longer than claw, with slightly enlarged apex. Circulus comparatively small, elongate oval. Multilocular pores scattered on all medial zone of ventrum and forming froups near spiracles. Quinquelocular pores asent. Trilocular pores evenly sattered on most parts of the body surface, exsluding only the medial zone of thoracici and anterior abdominal sternites, where they are replaced by multilocular pores; dorsal trilocular pores larger than ventral ones. Tubular ducts of 2 sizes, totally absent on dorsum; large ducts forming groups along margin of abdominal sternites; small ducts forming transverse rows on IV-VIII abdominal sternites and frontal group anterior to mouthparts. Marginal cerarii numbering 21-23 pairs. Additional cerarii numbering one pair on head. Dorsal surface of body covered by minute conical setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 699 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Danzig 1978b: 125 (female) [Far East of the USSR].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 427]; Danzig1978b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-129]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-118]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 88]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 155-158]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-121]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 408].
Puto orthezioides (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroputo orthezioides Cockerell, 1903a: 163. Type data: MEXICO: Irapuato, on dockweed [= Portulaca sp.]. Syntypes, nymphal stages. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: nymphal stages. Notes: Syntypes immature females.
Puto orthezioides; Ferris, 1950b: 191. Change of combination.
HOST: Portulacaceae: Portulaca [Cocker1903a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1903a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Cockerell (1903a). Ferris (1950b: 191) indicated that this species was described from specimens of immature female. Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) confirmed the generic assignment, but could not verify its identity. The species remains unidentifiable until the immature syntypes can be linked with similar specimens and their adult female.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 427]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 191]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 484].
Puto pacificus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto pacificus McKenzie, 1967: 354. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Sonoma County, Sonoma State Park, on Artemisia pycnocephala and Plantago juncoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: Pacific mealybug [McKenz1967]; pacific mealybug.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia pycnocephala [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Gaultheria shallon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Vaccinium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago juncoides [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Washington [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crown and roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 427]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-357].
Puto paramoensis Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Puto paramoensis Matile-Ferrero, 1985: 138. Type data: VENEZUELA: Merida, Sierra de la Culata, paramo de Pidras Blancas, on Espeletia timotensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Espeletia timotensis [Matile1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [Matile1985, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1985), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 469 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 427]; Matile1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-140]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484-485].
Puto peyerimhoffi (Vayssiere)NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus peyerimhoffi Vayssiere, 1923: 152. Type data: ALGERIA: Massif de l'Aures, on Juniperus thurifera. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 188. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
Puto peyerimhoffi; Balachowsky, 1953n: 304. Change of combination.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Coccinella thuriferae Sic. [Balach1928d], Exocomus anchorifer All. [Balach1928d].
HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Juniperus thurifera [Vayssi1923, BenDov1994], Juniperus thurifera [Vayssi1923, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Vayssi1923, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Vayssiere (1923), Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993). Ben-Dov (1994) erroneously listed this species also as Phenacoccus peyerimhoffi.
SYSTEMATICS: The generic and family placement of this species is problematic because it possesses characteristics of both Puto and Ceroputo. The presence of 12 eyes on the adult male, seven-segmented antennae on the first-instar nymph and, on the adult female, basal spurs on the claw, tubular ducts on the frons, and three sensilla on each surface of the trochanter, are features consistent with species of Puto. The absence of multilocular pores and the presence of quinquelocular pores are features consistent with species of Ceroputo. The similarity of this species to Ceroputo nulliporus and C. mimicus was pointed out by Marotta and Tranfaglia (1993). Williams, et al. retained this species in Puto because it possesses more features of this genus than of Ceroputo, but they felt that further investigations were required. (Williams, et al., 2011) Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014, describe this species as up to 4 mm in length and the antennae as 9-segmented.
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto].
CITATIONS: Balach1928d [biological control: 283-286]; Balach1953n [taxonomy: 304]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 428]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 158-160]; MarottTr1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-188]; Vayssi1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-155]; WilliaGuMi2011 [taxonomy: 13].
Puto pricei McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto pricei McKenzie, 1960: 735. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Tuolumne County, Yosemite National Park, on Pinus contorta. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Price mealybug [McKenz1960, McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus albicaulis [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Pinus contorta [McKenz1960, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Found under rocks and in needle debris under pine trees, and in bark crevices and on foliage.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 429]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 735-737]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 357-359].
Puto profusus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto profusus McKenzie, 1960: 739. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Trinity County, Carrville, on Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Douglas fir mealybug [McKenz1960].
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pseudotsuga taxifolia [McKenz1960, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 327-328 (female) [U.S.A., California ]; McKenzie 1961: 32 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 429]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 739-741]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 360, 361].
Puto salinasi Foldi & KozarNOMENCLATURE:
Puto salinasi Foldi & Kozar, 2006: 309. Type data: VENEZUELA: Merida, Sierra de la Culata, paramo de Piedras Blancas, 4300 meters, on Espeletia timotensis; collected I. Foldi, 24 October, 1984. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 9982-2. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Espeletia timotensis [FoldiKo2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [FoldiKo2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi & Kozar (2006).
CITATIONS: FoldiKo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 309-311]; WilliaGuMi2011 [taxonomy: 13].
Puto sandini WashburnNOMENCLATURE:
Puto sandini Washburn, 1965: 293. Type data: U.S.A.: Utah, Mt. Dixie, on Engelmann spruce. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: spruce mealybug [MillerMc1973].
HOST: Pinaceae: Picea engelmanni [Washbu1965, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Utah [Washbu1965, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Washburn (1965) and by Miller & McKenzie (1973).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 430]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 518-520]; Washbu1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 293-297].
Puto simmondsiae McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto simmondsiae McKenzie, 1961: 39. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, Indio, on Simmondsia chinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: Simmondsia mealybug [McKenz1967]; simmondsia mealybug [McKenz1961, McKenz1967].
HOST: Buxaceae: Simmondsia chinensis [McKenz1961, WilliaGr1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and stems of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 468 (female) [Central and South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 32 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 430]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 360, 362, 363]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484-487].
Puto subericola (Vayssiere)NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus subericola Vayssiere, 1927: 110. Type data: MOROCCO: Machra el-Kettane, on Quercus suber. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 194. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
Puto subericola; Balachowsky, 1953n: 304. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus suber [Balach1928a, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Lavandula staechas [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [Vayssi1927, Balach1928a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Vayssiere (1927) and by Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993). Ben-Dov (1994) erroneously listed this species also as Phenacoccus subericola.
STRUCTURE: Female up to 4 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Trochanter with 3 sensillae. Claw with denticle; claw digitules longer than claw, with slightly enlarged apex. Circulus comparatively small, broadly oval. Multilocular pores sparsely scattered on all medial zone of venter. Quinquelocular pores absent. Trilocular poes evenly scattered on entire body surface; dorsal trilocular pores larger than ventral ones. Tubular ducts of two sizes; larger ducts present in marginal and in some additional non-marginal cerarii; small ducts forming frontal group anterior to mouthparts. Cerarii numbering 25 marginal pairs; additional cerarii forming 4 longitudinal rows along the dorsal surface of body. Dorsal surface covered by conical setae of different sizes, some of which are similar in size to cerarian setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto].
CITATIONS: Balach1928a [host, distribution: 141]; Balach1953n [taxonomy: 304]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 430]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 159-161]; MarottTr1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-194]; Vayssi1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-111]; WilliaGuMi2011 [structure, taxonomy: 13].
Puto superbus (Leonardi)NOMENCLATURE:
Macrocerococcus superbus Leonardi, 1907b: 152. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, Tempio, on Gramineae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 199. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Ceroputo volynicus Nasonov, 1908: 472. Type data: UKRAINE: Volyn, on Dactylis glomerata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1999: 84. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 296.
Ceroputo superbus; Lindinger, 1912b: 65. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus seurati Vayssiere, 1927: 109. Type data: TUNISIA: Djilli Islet, on Cistanche violacea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1953n: 304.
Ceroputo superbus; Kiritchenko, 1931: 315. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949.
Douglasiella caballeroi Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1948: 114. Type data: SPAIN: Cuenca Province, Solan de Cabras, on pine. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IEEM. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 161.
Macrocerococcus tauricus Borchsenius, 1948b: 33. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, Kekeneis, on a trunk of oak. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 203. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1999: 84.
Macrocerococcus kiritshenkoi Borchsenius, 1949: 298. Type data: IRAN: Shaku, Shakhruda, on unidentified host plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1999: 84. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1999: 84.
Puto caballeroi; Morrison, 1952: 75. Change of combination.
Puto tauricus; Tereznikova, 1975: 240. Change of combination.
Puto superbus; Tereznikova, 1975: 241. Change of combination.
Puto superbus; Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1985: 212. Misidentification.
Macrocerococcus caballeroi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 69. Change of combination.
Macrocerococcus kiritzhenkoi; Tang, 1992: 398. Misspelling of species name.
Puto palinuri Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 182. Type data: ITALY: Campania, Caentola, Salerno, Capo Palinuro, on Limonium remotispiculum. Holotype female. Type depository: Potenza: Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-forestali della Universita della Basilicata, Italy. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 161.
Puto caballeroi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 420. Revived combination.
Puto kiritshenkoi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 424. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: superb mealybug.
FOE: NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Dichochrysa prasina (Burmeister) [UlgentSzUy2013].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia [Danzig1999], Pistacia lentiscus [Rungs1934, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum coronarium [Russo1995, PellizFo1996], Cichorium, Hieracium hoppeanum [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Sonchus oleraceus [Russo1995]. Boraginaceae: Borago [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Dianthus caryophillus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia [Danzig1999]. Cistaceae: Cistus incana [PellizFo1996], Cistus monspeliensis [Goux1933a, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Kozar1999a], Euphorbia biglandulosa [Kiritc1931, BenDov1994], Euphorbia cyparissias [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Euphorbia segetum [Russo1995]. Fabaceae: Anthillis [TranfaPeMa1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Anthyllis [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996], Astragalus sp. [Moghad2013], Calicotome villosa [PellizFo1996], Ulex europaeus [TranfaPeMa1985, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Castanaea sativa [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994], Quercus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1999, KaydanUlZe2004]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus communis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Teucrium [Danzig1999]. Liliaceae: Asphodelus [PellizFo1996]. Orobanchaceae: Cistanche violacea [Vayssi1927, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus [GomezM1948, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Digitalis [KaydanKiKo2005], Plantago carinata [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994]. Plumbaginaceae: Limonium remotispiculum [TranfaPeMa1985, Marott1987a, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996]. Poaceae [Melis1930, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996, KaydanKiKo2005], Agropyron [Terezn1975, BenDov1994, Danzig1999], Agropyrum [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Agrostis vulgaris [Schmut1952, Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Ampelodesma tenax, Andropogon ishaemum [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Arrhenatherum elatius [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, MarottTr1995a], Avena [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994], Avena barbata [Foldi2000], Avena fatua [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994], Brachypodium ramosum [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Bromus mollis [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Bromus sterilis [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994], Dactylis [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomerata [Nasono1909, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, Danzig1999, Foldi2000], Festuca ovina [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Hordeum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Hordeum murinum [Foldi2000], Lolium [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Russo1995, PellizFo1996], Lolium perene [Foldi2000], Poa [Danzig1999], Poa nemoralis [Terezn1975, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rumex acetosella [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis cirrosa [Russo1995]. Rosaceae: Rubus [TranfaPeMa1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Asperula [PellizFo1996], Galium [KaydanUlZe2004]. Scrophulariaceae: Scrophularia. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]. Umbeliferae: Daucus gingidium [Russo1995], Ferula communis [Russo1995]. Umbelliferae: Anthriscus [TranfaPeMa1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, MarottTr1993, PellizFo1996]. Zygophyllaceae: Peganum harmala [TerGri1973, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Danzig1999]; Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]; Bulgaria [Tsalev1968, KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994, Danzig1999, Gavril2010]; Canary Islands [BenDov2013]; China [Tang1984b, BenDov1994]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Argyri1983, KosztaKo1988F, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994]; Croatia [Masten2007]; France [Balach1931a, Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Danzig1999, Foldi2000, Foldi2001] [Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]; Greece [Danzig1999, MilonaKo2008]; Hungary [Koteja1974b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1999, Kozar1999a]; Iran [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1999, Moghad2009]; Italy [Leonar1907b, Marott1987a, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, MarottTr1995a, LongoMaPe1995, Danzig1999] [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994]; Morocco [Rungs1934, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]; Poland [Lagows2000, SimonKa2011]; Sardinia [Melis1930, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996] [PellizFo1996]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, Russo1995, RussoMa1997] [Russo1995, RussoMa1997]; Spain [GomezM1948, BenDov1994]; Tunisia [Vayssi1927, Balach1928, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007] [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Danzig1999]; Ukraine [Nasono1909, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1931, Borchs1949, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]); Yugoslavia [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1999].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems and leaves of a wide variety of herbaceous plants. Most common on grasses in Central Europe (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F). Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Marotta (1992a) studied the life history in Italy at an altitude of 1000m. It is a biparental species, developing one annual generation; adult male and female appear in May-July, and oviposition is in July.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920), Vayssiere (1927), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Marotta & Trangaglia (1985), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993) and by Danzig (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Schmutterer (1952) and by Tereznikova (1975). According to Borchsenius (1948b) part of the records under the name Ceroputo superbus (Leonardi), by Kiritchenko (1931: 315) and by Borchsenius (1937b: 56) are misidentification of this species.Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1948). Morrison (1952:75) removed this species from the Ortheziidae, the family in which it was described for the first time, and assigned it to the Pseudococcidae, suggesting that it should be placed near Puto.
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female and male given by Marotta (1992a).
SYSTEMATICS: There is a possibility that P. superbus encompasses more than one species. Marotta and Tranfaglia (1985) discussed the variation in the dorsal tubular ducts in the cerarii but later (Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993) determined that P. superbus lacked dorsal ducts entirely. Specimens with these ducts were identified as P. tauricus. Danzig (1999) again placed P. tauricus as a junior subjective synonym of P. superbus. A careful analysis of all species in the genus is required to sort out their true identity. (Williams, et al., 2011)This species was described from Spain on pine. Williams, et al. (2011) examined seven adult females. They were able to examine 22 claws on the seven specimens and all seem to lack basal spurs, but they could be very small and difficult to see or damaged in the mounting procedure. The claw digitules were blunt. However the specimens had 3 campaniform sensilla on each surface of the trochanter, and intersegmental sensilla were present and distributed as in other species of Puto. They assigned this species to Puto in agreement with Morrison (1952) and Ben-Dov (1994). Danzig and Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014, synonomyzed both Puto palinuri and Puto caballeroi with Puto superbus stating that the differences between the species was due to geographical variation, citing the large variation in the number of multilocular pores and tubular ducts within the French population.
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 136 (female) [Central Europe]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 216 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 290 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 291 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1948b: 33 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; Balach1928a [host, distribution: 141]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 101]; Balach1953n [taxonomy: 304]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 420-421]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 424,427,430-431]; BenDov2013 [distribution, host: 73]; Borchs1948b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-35]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 291-292, 296-298]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 266-268]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 143]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 84]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 161-166]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,22,25]; Gavril2010 [distribution: 38]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 377]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 236]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 315]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 72]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 253]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 129]; Lagows2000 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 3-6]; Leonar1907b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-161]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-464]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 65]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 112]; Marott1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 485-499]; Marott1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-199]; MarottTr1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-216]; MarottTr1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-185, 194-203]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-73]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 205]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; MilonaKo2008 [host, distribution: 35-38]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 29]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 94-96, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 75]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 75]; Nasono1909 [taxonomy: 472]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 125,127]; Rungs1934 [host, distribution: 24]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48, 49]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-385]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 50]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 402-403, 600]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-242]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 90]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-220]; TranfaMa1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 610-611]; Tsalev1968 [host, distribution: 207]; Vayssi1927 [taxonomy, description, illusration, host, distribution: 109]; WilliaGuMi2011 [taxonomy: 12]; WilliaGuMi2011 [taxonomy: 13].
Puto thailandicus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Puto thailandicus Williams, 2004a: 711. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Doi Inthanon, 2400 m, primary humid forest, in litter; collected L. Deharveng, 4.vii.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
SYSTEMATICS: The tubular ducts on the frons of P. thailandicus are about the same size as the other ventral ducts, which is a distinctive feature of the species. (Williams, et al., 2011)
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 711-714]; WilliaGuMi2011 [distribution, structure: 13].
Puto trivenosus (Germar & Berendt)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus trivenosus Germar & Berendt, 1856: 3. Type data: Inclusion in Baltic amber. Holotype. Described: male. Illust. Notes: The type was deposited in Koenigsberg Collection. It disappeared during the Second World War (Jan Koteja, personal information to Yair Ben-Dov; February 2001.
Palaeococcus trivenosus; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
Puto trivenosus; Cockerell, 1909a: 100. Change of combination.
Puto trivenosus; Koteja, 1984d: 440. Change of combination.
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of this fossil scale insect was originally assigned to Monophlebus in Margarodidae. Cockerell (1909a), Ferris (1941), Koteja (1984d: 452) and J.W. Beardsley (in letter to Jan Koteja) suggested that it was very probably a member of Pseudococcidae.
CITATIONS: Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 233]; Cocker1909a [taxonomy: 100]; Ferris1941 [taxonomy: 6-10]; GermarBe1856 [xxxxxx: zzzz]; Koteja1984d [taxonomy: 440, 451-454]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 207].
Puto tubulifer DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Puto tubulifer Danzig, 1978b: 125. Type data: RUSSIA: Yakutia-Sakha (= Yakut) AR, Khaptagai, on Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Ceroputo tubulifer; Tang, 1992: 392. Change of combination.
Puto tubulifer; Ben-Dov, 1994: 431. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Ericaceae: Ledum palustre [Danzig1999], Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]; Russia (Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1978b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
STRUCTURE: Female up to 5 mm long. Trochanter with 3-4 sensillae. Claw with denticle' claw digitules longer than claw, with slightly enlarged apex. Circulus large, broadly oval. Multilocular pores scattered on entire ventral surface of the body. Quinquelocular pores absent. Trilocular pores evenly scattered on all body surface; dorsal trilocular pores larger than ventral ones. Tubuar ducts of 3 sizes; large ducts present along margin of dorsum and forming interrupted transverse rows on thoracic tergites and 1 abdominal tergite; medium ducts sparsely present on sternites of thorax and forming transverse rows and marginal groups on abdominal sternites; several small ducts present anterior to mouthparts. Marginal cerarii numbering 20-21 pairs. Additional erarii forming one pair on head. Dorsal surface of body covered by conical setae of different sizes, most of which are smaller than cerarian setae.
SYSTEMATICS: Puto tubulifer possesses large dorsal tubular ducts among the cerarii. Similar ducts extend over much of the head and thorax but on the abdomen they are present around the margins only. Tang (1992) transferred this species to Ceroputo but the morphological characteristics fit those of Puto. (Williams, et al., 2011)
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 388 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 699 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Danzig 1978b: 124 (female) [Far East of the USSR].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 431]; Danzig1978b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-127]; Danzig1980b [host, distribution: 112]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 88]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 392-393]; WilliaGuMi2011 [structure, taxonomy: 13].
Puto ulter FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Puto ulter Ferris, 1950b: 211. Type data: GUATEMALA: intercepted at quarantine in U.S.A., California, on Oncidium wentworthianum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 487. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Bromeliaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Cypripedium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Laelia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Odontoglossum grande [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Oncidium wentworthianum [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Guatemala [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 468 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 32 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 191 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 431]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-212]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 487-489].
Puto usingeri McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Puto usingeri McKenzie, 1962: 669. Type data: PERU: Cuzco, Chanapata Stream, under a rock. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [McKenz1962, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: This species has been collected on a few ocassions from under stone, but has never been found on its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962), Salazar (1972) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 469 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 432]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 668-671]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 290-291]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 489-490].
Puto yuccae (Coquillett)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius crawii; Coquillett, 1889: 123. Misidentification; discovered by Ferris, 1918d: 64. Notes: Male only.
Pseudococcus yuccae Coquillett, 1890: 44. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, on Yucca whipplei. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus yuccae; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus bahiae Ehrhorn, 1900: 314. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Mayfield, on Bahia sp. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1918d: 64.
Ceroputo bahiae; Cockerell, 1901j: 166. Change of combination.
Ceroputo yuccae; Cockerell, 1901j: 166. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus simplex King, 1902a: 42. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, Lone Pine, on Atriplex. Syntypes, female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 423.
Ceroputo yuccae ceanothi Cockerell, 1903a: 163. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles, on Ceanothus oliganthus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1918d: 64.
Phenacoccus ramonae Essig, 1909a: 44. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on Ramona [= Salvia] stachyoides. Syntypes, female. Type depository: San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Essig, 1909b: 94.
Puto yuccae; Ferris, 1918d: 64. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: large Yucca mealybug [McKenz1967].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasius maplei Compere [Comper1937a], Blastothrix yuccae Coquillett [Coquil1890].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Yucca whippley [Coquil1890, BenDov1994]. Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Baccharis viminea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Bahia [Ehrhor1900, BenDov1994], Eriophyllum confertiflorum [Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Lepidospartum squamatum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Sebastiania bilocularis [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Myrtillocactus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Opuntia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [King1902a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos [Beards1962, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Astragalus miguelensis [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Garryaceae: Garrya elliptica [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Ramona stachyoides [Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Salvia polystachya, Salvia stachyoides, Stachys bullata [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Onagraceae: Oenothera [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus oliganthus [Cocker1903a, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [Flande1936, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Diplacus glutinosus [Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Mimulus glutinosus [Essig1909a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Coquil1890, Ehrhor1900, King1902a, Cocker1903a, Essig1909a, Flande1936, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Texas [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].
BIOLOGY: Occurring chiefly on the stems and foliage of its host plant, although sometimes it is found on the roots (Flanders, 1936; McKenzie, 1967).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1962) and by Hodgson & Foldi (2006). Puto mexicanus was once synonymized with Puto yuccae, and early records of either species may be based on misidentifications.
STRUCTURE: McKenzie (1967) provided a colour illustration of the adult female and its habitat.
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 469 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 328 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 33 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 731 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 192 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: Beards1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 82-87]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 432-433]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 325]; Cocker1901j [taxonomy: 166]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163]; Comper1937a [host, distribution, biological control: 397-398]; Comper1947 [biological control: 1-23]; Coquil1889 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122-123]; Coquil1890 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 44-45]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ehrhor1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 314, 315, 317]; Essig1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41, 44-46]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64-65]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-215]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 423]; Flande1936 [host, distribution: 196]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-224]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 796]; King1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 42-43]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 363-366]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 489, 491, 492]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 33].