Family Aclerdidae
MammillaNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Mammilla Wu, 2011: 241-244. Type species: Mammilla jinzhaiensis Wu. Synonymy by Takagi, 2014: 112. Homonym of Mammilla Schumacher, 1817.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descirption in Wu, 2011.
SYSTEMATICS: The new genus is close to Megacanthaspis Takagi, 1961 and Poliaspoides MacGillivray, 1921, but can be distinguished by lacking a perivulvar pore and having 4 microtubular duct groups in venter. It also differs from the other genus in this family by presence of the marginal mammilla spine. (Wu, 20T1) Takagi, 2014 determined that although the genus was described in the Diaspidiae, the figure in the description was an "aclerdid nymph probably a male." He determined that "Mammilla, Wu, 2011, therefore, should be synonymous with Aclerda Signoret 1874, or Nipponaclerda McConnell, 1954, family Aclerdidae. He also stated that .it is homonymous with the gastropod genus Mammilla Schumacher, 1817
CITATIONS: Takagi2014 [taxonomy: 112]; Wu2011 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 241-244].
Mammilla jinzhaiensis WuNOMENCLATURE:
Mammilla jinzhaiensis Wu, 2011: 241-244. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Jinzhai Co., 8/18/2005, by S.J. Wu. Unknown type status nymphal stages. Type depository: Maanshan: Scientific Committee of Maanshan, Anhui Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu2011]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Wu, 2011.
STRUCTURE: Females elongate 1.6-2.0 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide. White in color, one exuviae apical, elliptical, pale yellow-brown. Body of the adult female elongate, pale yellow, about 1.3-1.8 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, the apex of head somewhat sclerotized; margin and submargin of pygidium heavily sclerotized with radialized carinae mammary-like spine present along body margin. Dorsal surface: The dorsal ducts of one type, two-barred, arranged in rows in abdominal segments, irregular in the cephalo-thoracic region. Simple pores and minute setae sparse. Ventral surface: Antennae tubercular, with two long setaes and one short seta. Ventral ducts of two types: small ducts and minute ducts. Small ducts distributed in submargin, microducts numerous, forming 4 groups around anterior and posterior spiracular, and with irregular distribution on venter. Anterion and posterior the spiracular of near with quinquelocular pores 4-5, the dens of spiracular with quinquelocular pores 10-12. Apex of abdomen: The pygidial end subcircular, with a marked "V"-like notch, each side of the notch with 1 pointed spine, 2 spines with round apex. Anal ring little and circular. With 2 minute setae located on the dorsum of the notch centered. Vulvar on the ventral surface of notch, without perivulvar pores.
SYSTEMATICS: Takagi, 2014, determined that the figure in the description by Wu, 2011 was apparently an aclerdid nymph, probably of the male. He stated that Mammilla Wu, 2011 should be synonymous with Aclerda Signoret, 1874, or Nipponaclerda McConnell, 1984, family Aclerdidae; it is honymous with the gastropod genus Mammilla Schumacher, 1817.
CITATIONS: Wu2011 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 241-244].
Subfamily Aclerdinae
Aclerda SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda Signoret, 1874: 96. Type species: Aclerda subterranea Signoret, by monotypy.
Pseudolecanium Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type species: Pseudolecanium tokionis Cockerell. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 210. Notes: McConnell (1954) confirmed the synonymy of Pseudolecanium with Aclerda by Fernald (1903b).
Acierda; Balachowsky, 1939a: 47. Misspelling of genus name.
Acledra Signoret in Kloet & Hincks, 1945: 76. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by.
Aclerida; Yunus & Ho, 1980. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d), Wang (1994), Kosztarab (1996) and by Hodgson & Millar (2002).
KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 513 (female) [Genera of family]; Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Wang 1994: 256 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 192 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 260-261 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (larva) [Russia]; McConnell 1954: 24-28 (female) [world]; McConnell 1954: 28-31 (nymph) [world]; Teague 1925: 435-436 (female) [world]; Lawson 1917: 189 (female) [USA, Kansas].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 131]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Balach1942 [taxonomy: 43]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 3]; Bodenh1949 [taxonomy: 7]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 259-261]; Cocker1899h [taxonomy: 19]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 197]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 2-3]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 124]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 316]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description: 469-517]; KloetHi1945 [structure: 76]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 310-311]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy: 259-260]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 11]; Kuwana1932a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-62]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 189-190]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 175, 182]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 18]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, key: 1-121]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 2, 166]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description: 96]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 700]; Tao1978 [taxonomy: 77]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 50]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description: 432-435]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description: 258-259]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 318].
Aclerda acuta BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda acuta Borchsenius, 1960d: 269. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, north of Tsindun, on bank of Pabentzyan river, on stems of undetermined grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Borchsenius (1960d) and by Wang (1994). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1960d).
KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 192 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Russia].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [host, distribution: 131]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 4]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-271]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 11]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution : 50]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-261].
Aclerda andropogonis McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda andropogonis McConnell, 1943: 107. Type data: U.S.A: Maryland, Newport (Charles County), on Andropogon virginicus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Mucrencyrtus ferrierei (Burks) [Gordh1979, Sharko1996].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Andropogon furcatus [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Andropogon littoralis [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Andropogon virginicus [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Kansas [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Maryland [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Texas [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1943; 1954) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Northeastern North America]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 4]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; Gordh1979 [biological control: 922]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311-313]; McConn1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32, 33]; Sharko1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 350-368].
Aclerda ariditatis FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda ariditatis Ferris, 1919a: 35. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Cruses, on Hilaria cenchroides. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Hilaria cenchroides [Ferris1919a, Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Ferris1919a, Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1919a), Teague (1925) and by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 4]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 34]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 436].
Aclerda arizonica McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda arizonica McConnell, 1954: 37. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains, Rustlers Park, on Blepharoneura tribolepsis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes:
Aclerda arizonica; Ferris, 1955a: 3. Notes: Ferris (1955a) incorrectly cited this species as 'new species'.
HOST: Poaceae: Blepharoneuron tricholepis [McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 5]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38].
Aclerda arundinariae McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda arundinariae McConnell, 1943: 108. Type data: U.S.A.: South Carolina, Anderson, on Arundinaria tecta. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes:
HOST: Poaceae: Arundinaria tecta [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a], South Carolina [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954) and by Kosztarab (1996). Description and illustration of the adult male given by Nada et al. (1976).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Northeastern North America]; McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 5]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 510-517]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313-312]; McConn1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108, 110-112]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39, 41]; NadaAfAm1976 [description, illustration: 133-137]; Sharko1996 [biological control: 355-357].
Aclerda attenuata FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda attenuata Ferris, 1921: 87. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, Districto Sur, La Rivera, Eureca Ranch, on Distichlis spicata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes:
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bouteloua curtipendula [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Distichlis spicata [Ferris1921, Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921, Teague1925, McConn1954, Miller1996]); United States of America (Texas [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1921), Teague (1925) and by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 5]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-88]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-42]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436-437].
Aclerda balachowskyi McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda balachowskyi McConnell, 1955: 170. Type data: GUINEA: Fulaya-Kindia, on Anadelphia arrecta. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Anadelphia arrecta [McConn1955].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Guinea [McConn1955].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1955).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 6]; McConn1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-174].
Aclerda berlesii BuffaNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda berlesii Buffa, 1897: 139. Type data: ITALY: Southern Italy, on Arundo donax. Syntypes, female. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Aclerda berlesei; Borg, 1932: 16. Misspelling of species name.
Aclerda berlesei; Bodenheimer, 1935: 250. Misspelling of species name.
Aclerda berlesei; Balachowsky, 1935b: 264. Misspelling of species name.
Aclerda berlesei; Bodenheimer, 1937: 219. Misspelling of species name.
Aclerda berlesei; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1937: 316. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundo donax [Buffa1897, Trabut1911, LaFace1916, Leonar1920, Teague1925, Melis1930, Borg1932, Balach1935b], Phragmites [Bodenh1935, Bodenh1937], Phragmites australis [BenDov2012], Sacchrum officnarum [BenDov2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Trabut1911]; France [Foldi2001]; Greece [Santas1989]; Israel [BenDov2012]; Italy [Borchs1960d, BarbagBiBo1995]; Malta [Borg1932, Borchs1960d]; Sardinia [Melis1930, Pelliz2011]; Sicily [Buffa1897, LaFace1916, Leonar1920, Teague1925, McConn1954] ( ); Spain [Balach1935b, GomezM1937, Martin1984MP].
BIOLOGY: Borg (1932) reported it from Malta as "very common on both Islands on the common reed Arundo donax between the leaf-sheaths and the stem. Balachowsky (1935b) recorded this species as common on Arundo donax at Barcelona region in Spain.
GENERAL REMARKS: The original description by Buffa (1897) included description and illustration of first-instar nymph, second-instar male and female, male prepupa and pupa, adult female and male. Description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920), Teague (1925) and by McConnell (1954). Description and illustration of first-instar female, second-instar female, second-instar male and adult male given by Leonardi (1920). Description of the adult female given and of first-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: La Face (1916) described and illustrated the development and metamorphosis of the male and female.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Santas (1989) reported high level populations in Greece, which produce large quantities of honeydew, which is the source for honey production.
KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Russia]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 6-7]; BenDov2012 [catalogue,, distribution, host: 24]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 250]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 262-263]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 16]; Buffa1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 139-159]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 210]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 205]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 316-320]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; LaFace1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 768-771]; LaFace1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 235-249]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-375]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-44]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; Santas1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 48]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 437]; Teodor1916 [life history, structure, taxonomy: 147-149]; Trabut1911 [host, distribution: 59-60].
Aclerda californica (Ehrhorn)NOMENCLATURE:
Nidularia? californica Ehrhorn, 1899a: 103. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Mountain View, on roots of Bunch grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Pseudolecanium californicum; Parrott, 1900: 45. Change of combination.
Aclerda californica; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: California bunch grass scale.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Andropogon furcatus [Parrot1900, Lawson1917], Elymus [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Gill1993], Hordeum [Gill1993], Melica [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Gill1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Kuwana1902b, Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Gill1993], Kansas [Parrot1900, Kuwana1902b, Lawson1917], Oregon [Gill1993], Washington [Ferris1955a, Gill1993]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Parrott (1900), Teague (1925), McConnell (1954) and by Gill (1993).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 7]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 197]; Ehrhor1899a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 210]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-33]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125, 127]; Kuwana1902b [distribution: 135]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 190]; Parrot1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145, 146]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 437-438].
Aclerda chiriquiensis McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda chiriquiensis McConnell, 1954: 46. Type data: PANAMA: Chiriqui Prov., Boquite, El Salto, on undetermined, very slender, somewhat scandent grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 7]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 46-48].
Aclerda chusqueae McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda chusqueae McConnell, 1954: 49. Type data: PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui (at 8000 feet elevation), on bamboo, Chusquea pittieri. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Chusquea pittieri [McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 7-8]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51].
Aclerda coganicola McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda coganicola McConnell, 1954: 51. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on "cogan" [=Imperata cylindrica]; collected by Walter Carter, 5 June, 1947. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Imperata cylindrica [McConn1954, Lit1997b].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [McConn1954] (Luzon [Lit1997b], Mindanao [Lit1997b]).
BIOLOGY: Lit (1997b) recorded this species from underground parts of Imperata cylindrica (Gramineae).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [host, distribution: 131]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 8]; Lit1997b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87-88]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-53].
Aclerda colihuensis Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda colihuensis Granara de Willink, 2004: 69. Holotype. Type depository: Abbotsford: Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: The female, the first stage, and intermediate female stages of Aclerda colihuensis n. sp., are described and illustrated. A key to the neotropical species for Aclerda Signoret is given. This is the first family report from Argentina. The new species was found on Chusquea culeou Desv. Bambusaceae, from the Patagonia forest.|
HOST: Poaceae: Chusquea culeou [Granar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Granar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, the first stage, and intermediate female stages by Granara de Willink (2004).
CITATIONS: Granar2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-77].
Aclerda constricta Ben-DovNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda constricta Ben-Dov, 1977a: 371. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Cape Town (Sea Point), on Themeda triandra. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Themeda triandra [BenDov1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [BenDov1977a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1977a).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1977a: 376 (female) [Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 371-373]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 8].
Aclerda digitata (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudolecanium digitatum Cockerell, 1902a: 24. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Richmond, on leaves of grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Aclerda digitata; Fernald, 1903b: 210. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Cocker1902a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cocker1902a, Fernal1903b, Brain1920a, McConn1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1920a) and McConnell (1954).
SYSTEMATICS: "The type slides of this species are in the United States National Collection, but they are in poor condition for study, especially the slides of the adult females and intermediate stages. Larval specimens from one slide produced some favorable specimens for study by additional clearing and staining. Careful study of all available material contributed some additional information, but insufficient to justify placing this species in any one of the genera assigned to the family Aclerdidae in this paper. The additional information found would seem to indicate a closer relationship to the genus Rhodesaclerda than to either of the other two genera. This is particularly true of the larvae, in that some of the abdominal segments have only one marginal spine on each side. It is the author's opinion that when favorable material of this species has been procured, it will be found to belong in an unrecognized genus" (McConnell, 1954).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 8]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 24]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 210]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-120]; Teague1925 [taxonomy: 440].
Aclerda distorta GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda distorta Green, 1909a: 290. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, Yatiyantota and Udagama, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Green1909a, McConn1954], Dendrocalamus [Ali1970a, Varshn1994], Saccharum officinalis [Ali1970a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Varshn1994], West Bengal [Varshn1994]); Sri Lanka [McConn1954, Varshn1994].
BIOLOGY: Concealed beneath the leaf sheaths of the host.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3]; Ali1970a [host, distribution: 131-132]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 9]; Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 290-291]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-55]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 67]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 66]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 338].
Aclerda ferrisi McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda ferrisi McConnell, 1954: 55. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Chiricahua Mountains, near the Saddle, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1955a], California [McConn1954]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 9]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-57, 59].
Aclerda holci TeagueNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda holci Teague, 1925: 438. Type data: U.S.A: Louisiana, New Orleans, on Holcus halepensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Holcus halepensis [Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [McConn1954], Louisiana [Teague1925, Ferris1955a], Texas [McConn1954]).
BIOLOGY: Infesting the stem of the host plant beneath the leaf sheaths.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 9]; Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-59]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 438].
Aclerda imperatae Ramakrishna nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda imperatae Ramakrishna, 1930: 52. Nomen nudum; discovered by McConnell, 1954: 117.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 9].
Aclerda inermis Ali nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda inermis Ali, 1970a: 132. Nomen nudum; discovered by McConnell, 1954: 117.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 9].
Aclerda ischaemi McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda ischaemi Ramakrishna, 1930: 52. Nomen nudum; discovered by McConnell, 1955: 117.
Aclerda eschaemi; McConnell, 1954: 117. Misspelling of species name.
Aclerda ischaemi McConnell, 1955: 165. Type data: INDIA: Tinnevelly, Sengleteri, on stem of Ischaemum hirtum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Aclerda ischaemi; Ali, 1970a: 132. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.
Aclerda ischaemum; Varshney, 1985a: 22. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Incorrect citation of Green as author.
Aclerda ischaemum; Varshney, 1992: 67. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.
HOST: Poaceae: Ischaemum hirtum [Ramakr1930, McConn1955].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1930, McConn1955].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1955).
SYSTEMATICS: McConnell (1955) credited the authorship to Ramakrishna. Varshney (1985a) credited the authorship to Green. However according to Article (50) of ICZN, the author is McConnell.
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 10]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117]; McConn1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-170]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22].
Aclerda japonica inermis Ramakrishna nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda japonica inermis Ramakrishna, 1936: 117. Nomen nudum; discovered by McConnell, 1954: 117.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 10].
Aclerda laeliae McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda laeliae McConnell, 1954: 61. Type data: BRAZIL: intercepted at U.S.A., Hoboken Quarantine Station, on Laelia-Cattleya martinetti; collected Adams, 16 July, 1947. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Cattleya [McConn1954], Cattleya martinetti [McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [McConn1954]. Palaearctic: France [McConn1954, Foldi2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 10]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-61, 63].
Aclerda longiseta BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda longiseta Borchsenius, 1958: 162. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, near Hangchow, on Phragmites sp.; collected by N. Shutova and N. Borchsenius, 26-31.x.1954. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
HOST: Poaceae: Phragmites [Borchs1958].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Borchs1958]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1958) and by Wang (1994).
KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 10]; Borchs1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-263].
Aclerda manni McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda manni McConnell, 1954: 63. Type data: MEXICO: Guadalajara, attended by ants; host plant not indicated; collected by W.M. Mann, march 19, 1923. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McConn1954, Ferris1955a] (Baja California Norte [Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 11]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-63, 65]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69].
Aclerda marylandica McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda marylandica McConnell, 1954: 64. Type data: U.S.A.: Maryland, Queen Annes County, along the Shore of the Chesapeake Bay at Kent Narrows near Stevensville, on Distichlis spicata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. Poaceae: Distichlis spicata [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Spartina [McConn1954, Koszta1996], Spartina juncea [McConn1954, Koszta1996], Spartina patens monagyna [McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [McConn1954], Florida [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Maryland [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Mississippi [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], South Carolina [McConn1954]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Northeastern North America]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 11]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313, 315-316]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65, 67].
Aclerda mexicana McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda mexicana McConnell, 1954: 67. Type data: MEXICO: Linares, N.L., on Sorghum halepense. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Sorghum halepense [McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McConn1954, Ferris1955a] (Nuevo Leon [Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 11]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67, 69]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69].
Aclerda namibensis Ben-DovNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda namibensis Ben-Dov, 1977a: 373. Type data: NAMIBIA: Namib desert, Godabeb (Homeb), on Stipagrostis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Mayridia arida Prinsloo & Annecke [PrinslAn1976].
HOST: Poaceae: Stipagrostis [BenDov1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (=South West Africa) [BenDov1977a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1977a).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1977a: 376 (female) [Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 373-376]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 11-12]; PrinslAn1976 [biological control: 193-195].
Aclerda oaxacaensis McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda oaxacaensis McConnell, 1954: 69. Type data: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Chevela, on an unidentified grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [McConn1954, Ferris1955a , Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 12]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69, 71]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69].
Aclerda obscura (Parrott)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudolecanium obscurum Parrott, 1900: 144. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, from Lost Springs, Parsons, Fredonia on Andropogon scoparius, and from Green Mound on Sporobolus longifolius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Aclerda obscura; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Andropogon scoparius [Parrot1900, Lawson1917, McConn1954], Aristida stricta [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Sporobolus [Ferris1955a], Sporobolus longifolius [Parrot1900, McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Kansas [Parrot1900, Kuwana1902b, Lawson1917, McConn1954, Ferris1955a], North Carolina [Ferris1955a], South Carolina [Ferris1955a], Texas [McConn1954]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: Hodges & Howell 2002: 117 (female) [world]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 12]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 197]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 211]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; Kuwana1902b [distribution: 136]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-191]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72]; Parrot1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144, 145]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 440].
Aclerda orchidicola McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda orchidicola McConnell, 1954: 73. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, on orchid, intercepted at Hawaii Quarantine Station, by L.A. Whitney, 25 June, 1918. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Orchidaceae [McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [McConn1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 12]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73, 75].
Aclerda panici HallNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda panici Hall, 1926a: 12. Type data: EGYPT: between the 4th and 5th Towers on the Suez Road, on Panicum turgidum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Aclerda panica Ben-Dov, 2006b: 13. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 405.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundo donax [BenDov2012], Panicum turgidum [Hall1926a, McConn1954], Phragmites australis [BenDov2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1926a, McConn1954, EzzatNa1987]; Israel [BenDov2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1977a: 376 (female) [Southern Africa]; McConnell 1954: 24 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 13]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24,42]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-15]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75,77]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 405].
Aclerda pasquieri BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda pasquieri Balachowsky, 1939a: 46. Type data: ALGERIA: north of Zabrez-Chergui, on Stipa tenacissima. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Acierda pasqulerl; Balachowsky, 1939a: 47. Misspelling of genus and species names.
HOST: Poaceae: Stipa tenacissima [Balach1939a, McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1939a, McConn1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1977a: 376 (female) [Southern Africa]; McConnell 1954: 24 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: Balach1939a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-55]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 13]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-81].
Aclerda phaseoliformis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda phaseoliformis Borchsenius, 1949b: 341. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: Kirovobad, on roots of Sorghum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
HOST: Poaceae: Sorghum [Borchs1949b, Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949b, Bustsh1960, Borchs1960d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960d). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Bustshik (1960).
KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Russia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 13]; Borchs1949b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 341]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-267]; Bustsh1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-172]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117].
Aclerda pseudozoysiae GavrilovNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda pseudozoysiae Gavrilov, 2012: 390-392. Type data: INDONESIA: New Guinea (Irian Jaya) Cyclop mountains above Entrop, on Poaceae, 11/1/2011, by I.A. Gavrilov-Zamin. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [Gavril2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Gavrilov, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, up to 7 mm long, slightly curved. Antennae small, 1-segmented, with several setae. Eyes and legs absent.
SYSTEMATICS: Aclerda pseudozoysiae is similar to A. zoysiae McConnell, 1953 which was described from the Philippine Islands, but differs in the presence of 3 types of tubular ducts which are all located on the ventrum only in contrast to A. zoysiae having two types of ducts only (microtubular and macrotubular) distributed on both surfaces of the body. (Gavrilov, 2012)
CITATIONS: Gavril2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 390-392]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 82].
Aclerda sacchari TeagueNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda sacchari Teague, 1925: 439. Type data: PUERTO RICO: Arecibo, on stalks of sugar-cane. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Cymbopogon citratus [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Panicum barbinode [McConn1954], Paspalum conjugatum [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Saccharum officinarum [Martor1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Ferris1955a]; El Salvador [Ferris1955a]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Martor1976]). Oriental: Philippines [Ferris1955a].
BIOLOGY: Found on stalks and roots of sugar-cane (Teague, 1925). The insect develops under the leaf sheaths (Karam, 1991).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 13-14]; Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 230]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 77]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439].
Aclerda santensis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda santensis Hempel, 1937: 16. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Santos, on the grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [Hempel1937].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1937, McConn1954]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 14]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-18]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-85].
Aclerda sasae BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda sasae Borchsenius, 1960d: 263. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Hangchow [=Hangzhou], Sun Yat-Sen park, on stems of Sasa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Sasa [Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Borchs1960d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960d) and by Wang (1994).
KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Russia].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 14]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-265]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 104]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-265]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 193-194].
Aclerda sellahispanica LindingerNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda sella-hispanica Lindinger, 1913a: 347. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, North Fremantle, in nest of a spider Phryganoporus sp. Syntypes. Described: female. Notes: The types were lost in 1943 in a fire at the Zoological Museum, Hamburg (Weidner & Wagner, 1968).
Aclerda sells-hispanicum; McConnell, 1954: 117. Misspelling of species name.
Aclerda sellahispanica; Weidner & Wagner, 1968: 171. Justified emendation.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Lindin1913a, WeidneWa1968]).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 14]; Lindin1913a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 347]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117]; Teague1925 [taxonomy: 440]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 171].
Aclerda signoreti LindingerNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda signoreti Lindinger, 1912b: 170. Type data: AUSTRIA: M”dling, on Gramineae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female.
HOST: Poaceae [Lindin1912b].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Lindin1912b].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 14-15]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 31]; Teague1925 [taxonomy: 440]; WeidneWa1968 [host, distribution: 171].
Aclerda simplicis McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda simplicis McConnell, 1954: 85. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Charleston Mountains north of Las Vegas, on Hilaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Hilaria [McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Nevada [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 15]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-87].
Aclerda sinaloaensis McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda sinaloaensis McConnell, 1954: 87. Type data: MEXICO: Sinaloa, Rosario, Mt. La Dispence, on Arthrostylidium longifolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Arthrostylidium longifolium [McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Sinola [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 15]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69].
Aclerda smithi Hodges & HowellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda smithii Hodges & Howell, 2002: 113. Type data: USA: Georgia, Tattnall county, on Sporobolus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 1-76A-D. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Aclerda smithi; ScaleNet, 2005: xx. Justified emendation.
HOST: Poaceae: Sporobolus [HodgesHo2002].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [HodgesHo2002]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Hodges & Howell (2002). The species epithet was spelled smithii in the original description, however, according to Article 33.4 of ICZN (1999) it should be amended to smithi.
KEYS: HodgesHo2002 2002: 117 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 15]; HodgesHo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-117].
Aclerda subterranea SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda subterranea Signoret, 1874: 97. Type data: FRANCE: Le Midi, in many localities between Perpignan and Nice, on the roots of many species of Gramineae, especially Agropyrum sp. and Milium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta picta (Andre) [Parker1960]. Encyrtidae: Anabrolepis zettersteddtii (Westwood), Cerapterocerus mirabilis Westwood [Parker1960], Cheiloneurus elegans (Dalman) [Parker1960], Microterys ferrugineus (Nees) [Parker1960], Microterys matriensis (Mercet) [Parker1960], Paraphaenodiscus subterraneus Ferriere [Parker1960]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Eublemma jocunda (Hubner) [Parker1960].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyrum [Signor1874, Teague1925, McConn1954, Borchs1960d], Agropyrum intermedium [McConn1954], Brachypodium ramosum [Parker1960], Milium [Signor1874], Stipa bromoides [Foldi2000].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Signor1874, Teague1925, McConn1954, Borchs1960d, Parker1960, Foldi2001]; Italy [McConn1954, Borchs1960d, BarbagBiBo1995]; Spain [GomezM1948, Martin1984MP].
BIOLOGY: Develops singly or in clusters on the lower stems and sometimes on rhizomes near ground surface (Parker, 1960).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988). Description of the adult female and of the first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE:
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Parker (1960) recorded 8 species of parasitoids from France.
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1977a: 376 (female) [Southern Africa]; Borchsenius 1960d: 260 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Russia]; McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 15-16]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 261-262]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 211]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FontanPe2001 [taxonomy: 68,70]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-261]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-91]; Parker1960 [life history, distribution, host, biological control: 167-168]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439].
Aclerda takahashii KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda japonica; Takahashi, 1930: 36. Misidentification; discovered by Kuwana, 1932a: 62.
Aclerda sacchari Hempel, 1932: 332. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Campinas, on sugarcane. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hempel, 1934: 147. Homonym of Aclerda sacchari Teague, 1925.
Aclerda takahashii Kuwana, 1932a: 62. Type data: TAIWAN: Kori, Shinka, on Saccharum officinarum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Aclerda campinensis Hempel, 1934: 147. Replacement name for Aclerda sacchari Hempel, 1932; synonymy by McConnell, 1954: 91.
Aclerda thysanolaenae Mamet, 1943: 125. Type data: MAURITIUS: Rose Hill, on Thysanolaena agrostis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McConnell, 1954: 91.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Botryoideclava bharatiya Rao [Rao1980], Promuscidea [LimPa1976]. Encyrtidae: Neoprochiloneurus [LimPa1976], Nikolskiella [LimPa1976], Trichomastus [LimPa1976].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Miscanthus [McConn1954], Saccharum arundinaceum [Takaha1952], Saccharum indicum [McConn1954], Saccharum officinalis [Hempel1932, Kuwana1932a, Ali1970a, Karam1991, Varshn1992], Saccharum spontaneum [Varshn1992], Thysanolaena agrostis [Mamet1943, McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Mamet1943, Kuwana1932a, McConn1954]; Reunion [Mamet1952, GermaiMiPa2014]. Australasian: Guam [Muniap2001]. Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Gavril2013]). Neotropical: Brazil [McConn1954] (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932]). Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Varshn1992], Uttar Pradesh [Varshn1992]); Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1952]); Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Philippines [McConn1954]; Taiwan [McConn1954, Tao1989]. Palaearctic: China [McConn1954]; Egypt [Karam1991].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954), Kawai (1980) and by Wang (1994). Ddescription and illustration of all nymphal instars given by Karam (1991).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs. 5.2, a,b).
KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 135 (female) [Japan]; McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 132]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 16-17]; Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 82]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332-333]; Hempel1934 [taxonomy: 147]; Karam1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341-353]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19, 135-137]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12-13]; Kuwana1932a [taxonomy, host, description, illustration, distribution: 62-64]; LimPa1976 [host, distribution, natural enemies: 1-3]; Mamet1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-126]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 149]; Mamet1949 [catalogue: 18]; Mamet1952 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 170]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-95]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MukuntNi2002 [host, distribution: 157-159]; Muniap2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-16]; Rao1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 41-45]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36-37]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 67]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-266].
Aclerda talahiba McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda talahiba McConnell, 1954: 95. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on "talahib", presumably Saccharum indicum; collected Walter Carter, in 1947. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum indicum [McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [McConn1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132-133]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 17]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95, 97].
Aclerda texana McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda texana McConnell, 1954: 97. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Sonoita, on Muhlenbergia montana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Muhlenbergia montana [McConn1954, Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1955a]; United States of America (Arizona [McConn1954], Texas [Ferris1955a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 17]; Ferris1955a [host, illustration, distribution: 6-7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-99].
Aclerda tillandsiae HowellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda tillandsiae Howell, 1972: 1262. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Lowndes County, Valdosta, on Tillandsia usneoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia baileyi [Malump2012], Tillandsia usneoides [Howell1972].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [Howell1972]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Malump2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Howell (1972, 1973). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, second-instar female, second-instar male and third-instar female given by Howell (1973).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 18]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 510-517]; Howell1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1262-1264]; Howell1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1335-1342]; Malump2012 [distribution, host: 57].
Aclerda tokionis (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus (Pseudolecanium) tokionis Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type data: JAPAN: [presumably Tokyo] on twigs of bamboo; collected Takahashi. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Pseudolecanium tokionis; Cockerell, 1899j: 263. Change of combination.
Aclerda japonica Newstead, 1901a: 84. Type data: ENGLAND: Herts, Broxbourne, in greenhouse, on the leaf sheaths of Arundinaria japonica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McConnell, 1954: 99.
Aclerda tokionis; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria japonica [Newste1901a, Kuwana1932a], Bambusa [Cocker1896h, McConn1954, Gill1993], Phyllostachys [McConn1954, Borchs1960d], Pleioblastus chino [Kuwana1932a], Pleioblastus graminea [Kuwana1932a], Saccharum officinalis [Ali1970a, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Kuwana1902b, McConn1954, Gill1993]). Oriental: India [Ali1970a, Varshn1992] (Odisha [Varshn1992], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1992]); Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Taiwan [Tao1989]. Palaearctic: Japan [Cocker1896h, Kuwana1902b, Kuwana1917a, Teague1925, Kuwana1932a, McConn1954]; United Kingdom (England [Newste1901a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954), Gill (1993) and by Wang (1994). Description and illustration of the adult male given by Kuwana (1932a). Description of the adult female and of the first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 5.1, a,b).
KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 135 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Russia]; McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 18-19]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267-268]; Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy, description: 263]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 104]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 211]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-34]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-128]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 10]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19,135]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 13]; KrishnMa2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 120-126]; Kuwana1902b [distribution: 135]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 187]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 173]; Kuwana1932a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-62]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 99-100]; Newste1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439-440]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 67]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 222].
Aclerda wiltshirei BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda wiltshirei Bodenheimer, 1944a: 84. Type data: IRAQ: Basra, on stem of Phragmites communis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.
HOST: Poaceae: Phragmites communis [Bodenh1944a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1944a].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 19]; Bodenh1944a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 13]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 119].
Aclerda xalapenseae McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda xalapenseae McConnell, 1943: 112. Type data: U.S.A.: Maryland, Newport (Charles County), on Panicum xalapense. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Mayridia ferrierei Burks [Gordh1979].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Muhlenbergia [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Panicum [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Panicum clandestinum [Koszta1996], Panicum xalapense [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Maryland [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], South Carolina [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954), Howell (1973) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Hodges & Hodgson 2002: 117 (female) [world]; Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Northeastern North America]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 19]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; Gordh1979 [biological control: 957]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-317]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; Lit1997b [taxonomy: 88]; McConn1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-115]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102].
Aclerda yunnanensis FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda yunnanensis Ferris, 1950: 10. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Kunming, above the hot spring at An-lin-wen-chian, on small perennial grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [Ferris1950].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ferris1950, McConn1954]); Hong Kong [McConn1954]; Taiwan [McConn1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950), McConnell (1954) and by Wang (1994).
KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [China]; McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 19-20]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-11,16]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 13]; MartinLa2011 [, catalogue, distribution: 33]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-105]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-262].
Aclerda zoysiae McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda zoysiae McConnell, 1954: 105. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on Zoysia matrella. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Zoysia matrella [McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [McConn1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954).
KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 133]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 20]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107].
Lecanaclerda Hodgson & MillarNOMENCLATURE:
Lecanaclerda Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 471. Type species: Lecanaclerda macropoda Hodgson & Millar, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson & Millar (2002).
KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 513 (female) [Genera of family].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 20]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description: 469-517].
Lecanaclerda macropoda Hodgson & MillarNOMENCLATURE:
Lecanaclerda macropoda Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 474. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape, Sir Lowry's Pass, on roots and leaf bases of Plagiochloa uniolae; collected J.H. Giliomee, 23.xi.1977. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. 5345. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Plagiochloa uniolae [HodgsoMi2002IM].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoMi2002IM].
BIOLOGY: Collected from roots and leaf bases of Plagiochloa uniolae, Gramineae (Hodgson & Millar (2002).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Millar (2002).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalaogue: 20]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-517].
Nipponaclerda McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponaclerda McConnell, 1954: 107. Type species: Aclerda biwakoensis Kuwana, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by McConnell (1954) and by Borchsenius (1960d).
KEYS: Wang 1994: 256 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 192 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (first-instar nymph) [Russia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 20]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 271-272]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 13]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description: 107]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 135]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 51].
Nipponaclerda biwakoensis (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda? biwakoensis Kuwana, 1907: 187. Type data: JAPAN: on Phragmites communis. Holotype female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Aclerda biwakoensis; Kuwana, 1917: 76. Change of combination.
Nipponaclerda biwakoensis; McConnell, 1954: 107. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Astymachus japonicus Howard [Kaneko2004], Boucekiella depressa Hoffer [Kaneko2004], Platencyrtus aclerus Xu [XuWa2003]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus [Kaneko2004].
HOSTS: Juncaceae: Juncus [Wang1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron [Wang1994], Phragmites communis [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1932a, McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [XuWa2003]). Palaearctic: China [Wang1994]; Japan [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1932a, McConn1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1954) and by Wang (1994).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 5.3).
KEYS: Wang 1994: 257 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (first instar) [Russia]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 21]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 275]; Kaneko1995 [biological control, life history, ecology, host, distribution: 225-228]; Kaneko2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 331-339]; Kaneko2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 555-561]; Kaneko2005a [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 323-329]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19, 137]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 13-14]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-188]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 173]; Kuwana1932a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, illustration: 64-65]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-110]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Teague1925 [taxonomy: 440]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-258]; XiongWuLu2010 [host, distribition, biological control]; XuWa2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 149-153].
Nipponaclerda leptodermis Wang & ZhangNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponaclerda leptodermis Wang & Zhang, 1994: 94. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, on Bambusa sp.; collected 20 January, 1988, by Zhang Xiao-ju. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [WangZh1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [WangZh1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wang & Zhang (1994).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 21]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 104]; WangZh1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96].
Nipponaclerda triumpha Zhang, X.NOMENCLATURE:
Nipponaclerda triumpha Zhang, X., 1998: 7. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Qimen County, on Sinarundinaria nitida; collected vi. 1986, by Zhang Xuefan. Holotype female. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Sinarundinaria nitida [Zhang1998].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1998).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 21]; Zhang1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8].
Nipponaclerda turanica (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Aclerda turanica Archangelskaya, 1937: 133. Nomen nudum.
Aclerda turanica Borchsenius, 1950b: 156. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: vicinity of Samarkand, on the stalks of cane under cover of the leaf sheaths. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
Nipponaclerda turanica; Borchsenius, 1960d: 272. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyrum repens [Archan1937, McConn1954, Borchs1960d], Andropogon halepensis [Archan1937, McConn1954, Borchs1960d], Phragmites australis [MyartsKaPo1995], Phragmites communis [Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Archan1937, Borchs1950b, McConn1954]; Turkmenistan [Archan1937, Borchs1950b, McConn1954, MyartsKaPo1995]; Uzbekistan (Samarkand Oblast [Archan1937, Borchs1950b, McConn1954]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female and of the first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1960d) and by Wang (1994).
KEYS: Wang 1994: 257 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (first instar) [Russia].
CITATIONS: Archan1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 21-22]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145,157]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 272-275]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 14]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225].
Subfamily Rhodesaclerdinae
Kwazulaclerda Hodgson & MillarNOMENCLATURE:
Kwazulaclerda Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 498. Type species: Kwazulaclerda loranthi Hodgson & Millar, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson & Millar (2002)
KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 513 (female) [Genera of family].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 22]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description: 498-506].
Kwazulaclerda loranthi Hodgson & MillarNOMENCLATURE:
Kwazulaclerda loranthi Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 506. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Kawazulu-Natal, Hlhluwe, on Loranthus dregei; collected H.P. Insley, August 1970. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Loranthaceae: Loranthus dregei [HodgsoMi2002IM].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoMi2002IM].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, pupa, first-instar nymph, second-instar female nymph, second-instar male nymph by Hodgson & Millar (2002).
CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-517].
Rhodesaclerda McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Rhodesaclerda McConnell, 1954: 110. Type species: Rhodesaclerda combreticola McConnell, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by McConnell (1954) and by Hodgson & Millar (2002).
KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 513 (female) [Genera of family]; Wang 1994: 256 (female) [China]; McConnell 1954: 111 (female, preadult, nymph) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 22]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description: 469-517]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description : 110-111]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 175].
Rhodesaclerda combreticola McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Rhodesaclerda combriticola; McConnell, 1954: 112. Misspelling of species name.
Rhodesaclerda combreticola McConnell, 1954: 113. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Inyazura, on Combretum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Combretaceae: Combretum [McConn1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [McConn1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and adult male by McConnell (1954). Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, first instar nymph, second-instar nymph, second-instar male nymph, third-instar female nymph and pupa by Hodgson & Millar (2002).
KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 485 (female) [Species of Rhodesaclerda.]; McConnell 1954: 111 (female, preadult, nymph) [World]; McConnell 1954: 111 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 23]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-517]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18,112-115].
Rhodesaclerda halli McConnellNOMENCLATURE:
Rhodesaclerda halli McConnell, 1954: 115. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, on Combretum; collected W.J. Hall, 14.ix.1928. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Combretaceae: Combretum [McConn1954, HodgsoMi2002IM].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [McConn1954, HodgsoMi2002IM].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954) and by Hodgson & Millar (2002). Description and illustration of first instar nymph by Hodgson & Millar (2002).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 5.3).
KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 485 (female) [Species of Rhodesaclerda.]; McConnell 1954: 111 (female, preadult, nymph) [World]; McConnell 1954: 111 (larva) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 23]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 489-492]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115].
Rhodesaclerda insleyae Hodgson & MillarNOMENCLATURE:
Rhodesaclerda insleyae Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 492. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Kwazulu-Natal, Oribi Gorge, on Combretum kraussii; collected H.P. Insley, 16.i.1972. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. 4530. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Combretaceae: Combretum kraussii [HodgsoMi2002IM].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoMi2002IM].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, second-instar female, and pupa by Hodgson & Millar (2002).
KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 485 (female) [Species of Rhodesaclerda.].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 23]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-517].
Genera Removed from Family
PaludicoccusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Paludicoccus Ferris, 1918a.
Species Removed from Family
Paludicoccus distichliumNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudolecanium disticlium Kuwana, 1902b: 134. Removed from family by Ferris, 1953a: 393. Notes: Current status: Paludicoccus distichlium (Kuwana, 1902) in Pseudococcidae.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 23].