Zimmermann, H.G., & Moran, V.C. 1982 Ecology and management of cactus weeds on South Africa.. South African Journal of Science 78: 314-320.

Notes: The imported cochineal insects, Dactylopius austrinus (on jointed cactus) and D. opuntiae (on prickly pear), and the phycitid moth Cactoblastis cactorum, have provided substantial biological control of these two weeds.