Yang, X.L., Shen, M.Q, Guo, Z.Z., & Xiong, J.W. 1997 Predation of the ladybeetle Chilocorus kuwanae on the scale Unaspis yanonensis.. Entomologia Sinica. Shensi 4: 249-258.

Notes: The consumption of Unaspis yanonensis by ovipositing adult females of Chilocorus kuwanae was significantly greater than that of adult males. At 25 deg C, one adult female, on average, consumed 42.7 U. yanonensis per day, whereas one adult male consumed 22.3 U. yanonensis per day. However, after being deprived of prey for 48 h, this difference was eliminated. Females of C. kuwanae required 15 U. yanonensis per adult in order to oviposit eggs. The functional responses of adults to densities of different prey stages followed the Holling type I curve. The functional response to adult females indicated that the maximum prey consumption increased with an increase in temperature from 16 to 35 deg C, and dropped sharply at 37 deg C. However, temperature did not alter the type of functional response. Based on predation by C. kuwanae on adults of U. yanonensis, the minimum critical, optimum and maximum critical temperatures for predation were 10.6, 31.5 and 38.2 deg C, respectively. A decrease in predator abundance or an increased predator density resulted in a reduction in the attack rate. C. kuwanae adults preferred male pupae to other stages of U. yanonensis and their preference for various life stages of prey was in order of male pupae, 2nd-instar male nymphs, 2nd-instar female nymphs, adult females and 1st-instar nymphs.