Xie, Y.P., Xue, J.L., & Zheng, L.Y. 2005 [The ultra-morphology and chemical composition of waxes secreted by a scale insect Physokermes shanxiensis (Homoptera: Coccidae).]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 41(3): 206-211.

Notes: The ultra-morphology and chemical composition of waxes secreted by the scale insect Physokermes shanxiensis (Homoptera: Coccidae) was researched with the techniques of scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared absorption spectra (IR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The result indicated that the scale insect secreted wet wax in its nymph stage. The wet wax coagulated into translucent wax covering on the body surface. However, the female adult secreted its wax secretion with white color and long thread form. According to the infrared absorption spectra characteristic of the waxes, it can be known that both waxes either from male nymph or female adult were composed of a series of saturated and unsaturated long carbon chain compounds. But the two waxes are different in the chemical functional group's kind and numbers that composed the compounds, because of the differences in absorption peaks' numbers and forms which appeared in the two infrared spectra from the wave number 1 800 cm-1 to 1 000 cm-1. Through detected with GC/MS, 14 compounds with carbon atom number form C13 to C32 were obtained from the wax of the male scale insect. These compounds included 5 saturated higher fatty acids, 1 unsaturated higher fatty acid, 1 saturated higher fatty alcohol, 1 unsaturated higher fatty alcohol, 1 unsaturated ester, 1 saturated aldehyde. and 4 saturated alkane compounds.