Podsiadlo, E. 2013 Life history of Kermes quercus (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Kermesidae) in Poland. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 82: 151-158

Notes: This research complements the results of a study of the life cycle of Kermes quercus (L.) performed in Poland in 2008-2009. The latest observations were carried out in 2010 from the beginning of March until the end of November. They showed that K. quercus overwintered as 2nd-instar nymphs. These developed into adults at the beginning of May. Reproduction began at the beginning of June. The 1st-instar nymphs of the new generation appeared in mid-June. They then developed for about 5 months, after which they entered the winter diapause. All the observations, carried out in 2008-2010, showed that, under the climatic conditions of Poland, K. quercus is not a univoltine species. One generation develops over two years. In the first year it overwinters as 1st-instar nymphs and in the second year as 2nd-instar nymphs.