Peck, R., Banko, P., Pendleton, F., Schmaedick, M., & Ernsberger, K. 2014 Arthropods of Rose Atoll with Special Reference to Ants and Pulvinaria urbicola Scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on Pisonis grandis Trees. Technical Report HCSU-057 University of Hawai'i Hilo 22
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Notes: Arthropods may be influencing the decline of Pisonia grandis, an ecologically important tree that once dominated the 6.6 ha of land on Rose Atoll. Reasons for the decline are not fully understood but a facultative relationship between two invasive arthropods, the soft scale Pulvinaria urbicola and ants, likely has contributed to tree death.