Mercer, N.H., Stahl, J., & Daane, K.M. 2023 Alterations in Ferrisia gilli (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) phenology in California pistachios and potential impacts on controls. Journal of Economic Entomology doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad158
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Notes: Almost all natural enemies found were lacewings (n > 10,000). Parasitoids were recovered from pistachios in 2021 (n = 4) and 2022 (n = 164), most were hyperparasitoids. Based on these studies, recommendations are made to monitor F. gilli in early May rather than late May to better target insecticide applications for the first instars.
