Howell, J.O., & Tippins, H.H. 1990 1.1.2.3 The immature stages.. Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Series title: World Crop Pests, Vol. 4A]. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 384 pp.

Notes: A detailed morphology is reviewed and illustrated in three groups of subfamilies and tribes. Species mentioned include Abgrallaspis, Aonidomytilus solidaginus, Aspidiotus, Aulacaspis, Chionaspis, Comstockiella sabalis, Diaspidiotus, Diaspis boisduvalii, D. bromeliae, D. dignus, D. echinocacti, D. iodinae, Geodiaspis aruninariae, Haliaspis, Hemiberlesia, Ischnaspis longirostris, Kuwanaspis howardi, Leucaspis, Lopholeucaspis, Neoquernaspis nepalenesis, Odonaspis minima, Parlatoria blanchardi, P. proteus, Pinnaspis, Praecocaspis diversa, Protodiaspis, Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli, P. pentagona, Quernaspis quercus and Rugaspidiotus arizonicus.