Gilreath, M.E., & Smith, J.W. 1987 Bionomics of Dactylopius confusus (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae).. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 80: 768-774.

Notes: Most widespread cochineal insect on prickly pear (Opuntia spp.); all life stages observed; measurements; adult longevity and oviposition related to temperature.