Clarke, S.R., DeBarr, G.L., & Berisford, C.W. 1990 . Effects of fenvalerate and azinphosmethyl on scale insects and their natural enemies in loblolly pine seed orchards. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Asheville, NC 14 pp.

Notes: [http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/rp/rp%5Fse279.pdf] Ground applications of azinphosmethyl caused significant mortality of the scale insects Toumeyella pini, Pseudophilippia quaintancii and Oracella acuta, whereas aerial applications did not. Fenvalerate applications generally did not cause significant mortality, and alternating applications of the two insecticides produced infestations intermediate between those treated only with azinophosmethyl or fenvalerate. Parasitism and predation rates were sometimes significantly lowered by insecticide applications.