Valid Names Results

Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905 (Coccidae: Pulvinaria)

Nomenclatural History

Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell 1905f: 131. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, on undetermined tree.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
Pulvinaria cellulosa Green 1909a: 262. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Citrus sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1990,151). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1957, 219).
Pulvinaria nerii Kanda 1950: 35. Type data: CHINA: North China, Shanxi, on Nerium odorum.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Tang1991, 230).
Chloropulvinaria polygonata (Cockerell, 1905); Borchsenius 1957: 219. change of combination
Chloropulvinaria polygonata; Yang 1982: 158. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.
Macropulvinaria polygonata (Cockerell, 1905); Tao, Wong & Chang 1983: 89. change of combination
Chloropulvinaria nerii (Kanda, 1950); Tang & Li 1988: 103. change of combination
Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905; Ben-Dov 1993: 276. revived combination (previously published)

Common Names

cottony citrus scale SmithBeBr1997
Escama blanda algodonosa del mango KondoWaGa2022a
mango scale KondoWaGa2022a

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 8 | Genera: 13

Amaryllidaceae

Clivia miniata | TangLi1988

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera indica | Ali1964 Ali1971 ShafeeYoKh1989 Varshn1984a

Apocynaceae

Nerium indicum | Kanda1950 | (= Nerium odorum)
Plumeria rubra | WilliaWa1990
Tabernaemontana divaricata | Varshn1992 | (= Tabernaemontana recurva)
Thevetia neriifolia | Varshn1992

Fabaceae

Albizia lebbeck | Varshn1992

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea | QinGu1992

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia laevifolia | TangLi1988 | (= Michelia yunnanensis)

Rutaceae

Citrus | Ali1964 Ali1971 Green1909a Green1937 QinGu1992 Sassce1911 ShafeeYoKh1989 SmithBeBr1997
Citrus aurantiifolia | WilliaWa1990
Citrus depressa | TanakaKa2020
Citrus limon | WilliaWa1990
Citrus maxima | Ali1971 Morris1920 | (= Citrus nobilis)
Citrus paradisi | EPPO2020 MartinLa2011
Citrus reticulata | WilliaWa1990
Citrus sinensis | Ali1971 EPPO2020 WilliaWa1990
Murraya paniculata | TanakaKa2020 TaoWoCh1983 | (= Murraya exotica)
Rutaceae | DanzigKo1990

Verbenaceae

Lantana | Mamet1943a
Lantana camara | Varshn1992

Foes:

Families: 1 | Genera: 1

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus bivittatus | MyartsRuCo2016a
Coccophagus yoshidae | ZhouLiCa2002

Associates:

Families: 1 | Genera: 3

Formicidae

Camponotus compressus | KondoWaGa2022a
Camponotus rufoglaucus | GithaeOnNd2020
Myrmicaria opaciventris | GithaeOnNd2020
Oecophylla longinoda | GithaeOnNd2020

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 17

Agalega Islands | Mamet1943a

Australia

Queensland | QinGu1992 SmithBeBr1997

Bangladesh | Ali1978 DanzigKo1990

China | DanzigKo1990

Hunan | HuHeWa1992
Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) |
Shanxi (=Shansi) |
Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011

Cook Islands | WilliaWa1990

India | Ali1971 DanzigKo1990 ShafeeYoKh1989

Bihar | Ali1964 Ali1971
Odisha (=Orissa) | Varshn1992
Uttar Pradesh | Varshn1992
West Bengal | Ali1971

Japan | Kawai1980

Kenya | WatsonOuKa2021

Laos |

Maldives | WatsonOoGi1995

Pakistan | Varshn1992

Philippines | Ali1971 Cocker1905f Mamet1943a

Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | TanakaKa2020

Spain | EPPO2020 GomarCaPe2020 | GomarCaPe2020

Sri Lanka | Ali1971 DanzigKo1990 Green1909a Green1937 Sassce1911

Taiwan | Ali1971 DanzigKo1990 Mamet1943a

Vietnam | DanzigKo1990

Keys

TanakaKa2022a: pp.447-448 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria species in Japan]
TalukdDa2021: pp.440 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in India]
CaoFe2020: pp.233-234 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in China]
TanakaKa2020: pp.420 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria from Ryukyu Islands]
ChoiSoLe2018: pp.6-7 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae in Laos]
Joshi2017: pp.540 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian species of Pulvinaria]
TanakaAmUe2006: pp.180 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria species of Ryuku archipelago]
Tang1991: pp.226 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
WilliaWa1990: pp.148 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
TaoWoCh1983: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [Taiwan]
Kawai1980: pp.148-150 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
Borchs1957: pp.205 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Green1909a: pp.262 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceylon]

Remarks

Systematics: Subfamily: Coccinae A, Pulvinarini (Choi & Lee, 2019) Pulvinaria polygonata is most similar to P. aurantii in having (i) eyespots located on the submarginal area of the dorsum, (ii) multilocular pores mostly each with 7 loculi, and (iii) in the distribution of ventral tubular ducts (type III). However, it differs from P. aurantii in usually having more than three stigmatic spines per cleft (P. aurantii usually has three) and a darker body color in the pre-oviposition period (P. aurantii is relatively pale, with a yellowish-white area in the medial part of the dorsum at this stage). Pulvinaria polygonata is also similar to P. psidii in having fimbriate marginal setae, eyespots located in the submarginal area of the dorsum, and the presence of a sclerotised plate around each spiracle. However, it differs from P. psidii in having multilocular pores with mostly each 7 loculi (those of P. psidii mostly each have 10 loculi) and an undivided supporting bar underneath each anal plate (the bar in P. psidii is bifurcate). (Tanaka & Kamitani, 2020)
Structure: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.25, a,b). Female body oval, moderately convex, yellowish brown with numerous brown spots; newly formed females have a longitudinal line on the dorsum. Mature females produce a white, cottony ovisac in which they lay the eggs. This is located below and above behind the body, and is somewhat convex, with a dorsomedial groove and with a length approximately equal to that of the female's body. (Gomar, et al., 2020)
Biology: Life history and control in Taiwan (Takahashi, 1939b), and in India (Chatterji & Datta, 1974). Ali recorded ( as P. cellulosa five generations per year on Mango in Bihar, India; overwintering in the fifth generation. Smith et al. (1997) reported 2-3 generations per year in Queensland, Australia.
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Tao et al. (1983), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Tang (1991).Redescription in Tanaka & Kamitani (2020).

Illustrations

Citations

Ali1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 361-362
Ali1971: distribution, host, 47-48
Ali1978: biological control, distribution, host, 69-70
BenDov1993: catalog, 276-277
Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 219-220
Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, 8, 13
CaoFe2020: key, 234
ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
ChoiSoLe2018: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 46-48
Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 394
Cocker1905f: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 131-132
DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 43-44
EPPO2020: distribution, host,
GithaeOnNd2020: ant association,
GithaeOnNd2021: distribution, host, 81
GomarCaPe2020: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 30-35
Green1909a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 262
Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 308
HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 185
Hui1988: biological control, 395-398
Joshi2017: key, 540
JoshiRaNa2019: distribution, 13
Kanda1950: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 35
Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 152
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 12
KondoWaGa2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 321-323
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 76
Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 154
MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, 36
Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 128
Mohara1990: structure, taxonomy, 48
Morris1920: distribution, host, taxonomy, 184
MyartsRuCo2016a: natural enemies, 781
ParidaGh1984: structure, taxonomy, 14
QinGu1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 141-144
Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 347
Sander1906: catalog, 6
Sassce1911: 66
ShafeeYoKh1989: distribution, host, 49-50
SinhaDi1984: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10
SmithBeBr1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 52-53
Takaha1928: distribution, host, taxonomy, 344
Takaha1929: distribution, host, 61
Takaha1939a: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 403
TalukdDa2021: key, 440
TanakaAmUe2006: taxonomy, 180
TanakaKa2020: description, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 411-414, 419
TanakaKa2022a: key, 448
Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 70-71
Tang1984b: distribution, host, 127
Tang1991: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 230-231
TangLi1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 103-106
Tao1978: distribution, host, 83
Tao1989: catalog, distribution, 59
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 53
TaoWoCh1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 89-90
Varshn1984a: distribution, host, 140
Varshn1985a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 101
Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 103
Varshn1994: distribution, host, 342-343
VarshnMo1987: distribution, host, 172-173
Watson2021: distribution, 522
WatsonOoGi1995: distribution, host, 49
WatsonOuKa2021: distribution, host, 78
Willia1985a: catalog, taxonomy, 228
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 208, 213
WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 151-153
Yang1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 158-159
ZhouLiCa2002: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 851-855