Valid Names Results
Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenbach, 1860) (Cryptococcidae: Pseudochermes)Nomenclatural History
- Chermes fraxini Kaltenbach 1860: 259. Type data: GERMANY. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Williams (1985h) states that the type material, which was held in Germany, is probably lost.
- Eriococcus fraxini Newstead 1891: 165-166. Type data: ENGLAND: Cheshire, Ince, on Fraxinus excelsior, ?/08/1890, by R. Newstead. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985h,386-389). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by JudeicNi1895, 1249). Notes: In addition to the lectotype, there are nine paralectotypes on the same slide in the BMNH (Williams, personal communication, June 19, 1996).
- Ripersia fraxini (Kaltenbach, 1860); Newstead 1892: 147. change of combination
- Coccus fraxini (Kaltenbach, 1860); Judeich & Nitsche 1895: 1247. change of combination Illustr.
- Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenbach, 1860); Nitsche 1895: 1247-1249. change of combination
- Fonscolombia fraxini (Kaltenbach, 1860); Cockerell 1899j: 264. change of combination
- Apterococcus fraxini (Kaltenbach, 1860); Newstead 1903: 210-213. change of combination
- Fonscolombea fraxini; Lindinger 1909: 223. misspelling of genus name
- Pseudichermes fraxini; Gertsson 2011: 41. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- ash bark scale Gertss1997
- ash coccus Kohler1998
- ash scale Kohler1998
- felted ash coccus Collin1908
- felted ash scale Kohler1998
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 3 | Genera: 5
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus | KozarDr1991 Hoy1962
- Fraxinus angustifolia | KozarDr1991
- Fraxinus caroliniana | Hoy1963
- Fraxinus excelsior | Bodenh1944b
- Fraxinus mandshurica | Hoy1963
- Fraxinus ornus | Kozar1999a
- Ligustrum | Kohler1998
- Syringa | Hoy1963
- Rosaceae
- Sorbus aucuparia | Hoy1963
- Salicaceae
- Populus tremula | Willia1985h
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 4
- Anthocoridae
- Anthocoris minki | KosztaKo1988F
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Phalangiidae
- Platybunus pinetorum | KosztaKo1988F
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 32
- Austria | Kohler1998
- Belgium | Willia1985h
- Bulgaria | Kozar1985
- China | TangHa1995
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Czech Republic | Kohler1998
- Denmark | Kohler1998
- Finland | Gertss2001 KozarzRe1975
- France | Foldi2001 Germai2011 Hoy1963
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Germany | Hoy1963 SchmutHo2016
- Greece | Kohler1998
- Hungary | KozarKoFe2013 Willia1985h
- Iran | Hoy1963 KozarFoZa1996
- Italy | Marott1993
- Latvia | Stalaz2021
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020 Kohler1998
- Netherlands | Hoy1963 Jansen2001
- Norway | Kohler1998
- Poland | SimonKa2011 Szulcz1926 ZakOgaKo1964
- Portugal | KozarFr1995
- Romania | Kozar1985 Teodor2018
- Russia | Hoy1963
- Caucasus | Danzig1986a
- Primor'ye Kray | Danzig1986a
- Stavrapol Oblast | Danzig1985
- Slovenia | KozarKaKo2013
- Spain | Hoy1963
- Sweden | Gertss2001 KozarzRe1975
- Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994
- Turkey | Hoy1963 UlgentDo2019
- Ukraine
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Danzig1986a
- United Kingdom
- England | MalumpBa2012 Willia1985h
- Wales | Willia1985h
- Yugoslavia | Kozar1983a
Keys
- KozarKaKo2013: pp.609 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudochermes]
- Danzig1988: pp.709 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudochermes species of the far eastern USSR]
- Danzig1971d: pp.823 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Eriococcidae] Key as: Pseudochermes fraxini
- Danzig1964: pp.634 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudochermes species of the far east USSR]
Remarks
- Systematics: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent with exception of dorsal setae on posterior 2 or 3 abdominal segments which are slightly enlarged; protruding anal lobes absent; dorsal quinquelocular pores present; legs with translucent pores on hind coxa; anal ring primarily sclerotized posteriorly, forming "u"; microtubular ducts short, with 1 sclerotized area (Williams, 1985h).
- Structure: Adult female bright red, or orange-red, more or less globular. Females are ovate during fecundation but at the time of parturition they become very tumid and almost globose. Sac of adult female is more or less spherical, white and closely felted. A single sac contains 2 or more individuals. Second stage female pale red or yellowish-red, form short ovate, partially covered with a thin cottony secretion. Male apterous bright orange-red or yellowish-red, last 6 segments of the abdomen greenish-yellow, eyes black. Pupae usually the same color as the male, more or less ovate and narrowed posteriorly. First instars elongate-ovate, pale crimson-yellow, mottled with bright crimson, the latter color being also the color of the eyes. Ova pink when first laid, but become mottled with reddish-crimson (Newstead, 1903).
- Biology: Females had completed egg-laying by the 21st of May, and on the 10th of June the first instars were swarming. Pupation takes place in September and the males appear early in October, and continue to emerge throughout the month and during the early part of November. Males are very active (Newstead, 1903). According to Danzig (1986a), females are the overwintering stage and eggs are laid from May to June. P. fraxini feeds in bark crevices of trees. The access of air to spiracles is limited since it remains pressed with the ventral side into a tight space when feeding. Thereofre, spiracles are situated in deep cavities of sclerotized walls. In addition, the clypeo-labral shild is very large which is the adaptation to feeding on woody parts of plants, and to living in unfavorable oxic conditions. (Podsiadlo, 2006)
- General Remarks: Detailed description of most stages, including adults, by Newstead (1903). Detailed descriptions and illustrations of adult and immature by Williams (1985h). Afifi (1968) provides an illustration and description of adult male. Photograph of adult fremal in Malumphy, et al., 2009)
Illustrations
Citations
- Afifi1968: taxonomy, 8
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 996
- Balach1935b: distribution, host, 265
- Balach1937c: distribution, host, 6
- BalasSa1982: distribution, host, life history, 399
- BarbagBiBo1995: distribution, 43
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 256
- Bodenh1935: taxonomy, 244, 271
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 93, 98
- Bodenh1953a: distribution, host, life history, 127-128, 159
- BognarVi1979: distribution, host, illustration, 16, 19
- BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 92
- Borchs1936: distribution, 104
- Borchs1937: illustration, 58
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 365
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, 126
- Borchs1963a: distribution, host, 201, 202
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, 202
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 298
- CebeciKu2005: distribution, host, 97-102
- Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 264
- Collin1908: distribution, host, 23
- Collin1937: chemical control, distribution, host, 101, 107
- Danzig1964: taxonomy, 634
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 823
- Danzig1977b: distribution, host, 39, 57
- Danzig1980b: distribution, host, 233
- Danzig1985: taxonomy, 111
- Danzig1985: distribution, host, 147
- Danzig1986a: description, distribution, host, life history, 271
- Danzig1988: taxonomy, 709
- Dingle1924: distribution, taxonomy, 378
- Dziedz1970: distribution, host, 25
- Elliot1933: distribution, 142
- Ellis1924: chemical control, distribution, host, 143-144
- Eysell1979: host, 122
- FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 72
- Ferris1957c: distribution, taxonomy, 88
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 296
- Fjeldd1996: distribution, 14
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 305, 307
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 11
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 2,16,25
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Gertso2016: distribution, host, 153
- Gertss1997: distribution, host, illustration, 113, 114
- Gertss2000: distribution, host, 151
- Gertss2001: distribution, 126
- Gertss2011: distribution, 41
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 136
- Gillan1908: description, distribution, illustration, 238-239
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 361
- GomezM1958a: distribution, host, 8
- Goot1912: distribution, host, 289
- Goux1931: distribution, host, 331
- Green1915a: distribution, host, 181
- Green1922b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
- Green1928: description, host, taxonomy, 9
- GwiazdVaDe2006: phylogenetics, 16-17
- Hadzib1950: distribution, host, 257, 262
- Hadzib1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 269
- Harris1916: distribution, host, 173
- Harris1916a: distribution, host, 94
- Harris1944: distribution, host, 110
- Hellri2004: distribution, host, 84
- Hendry1962: taxonomy, 127
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 134
- HodekHo2009: biological control, 235
- Hodgso2020: illustration, male, 103
- Hopkin1904: distribution, host, 51, 52
- Howell1979: taxonomy, 558
- Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 188-190
- Jaap1914: taxonomy, 137
- Jansen2001: distribution, 200
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 24
- JudeicNi1895: taxonomy, 1249
- Kalten1860: description, taxonomy, 259
- Kalten1874: distribution, taxonomy, 433
- Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 75
- Kaweck1985: distribution, taxonomy, 34
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 90-106
- Kiritc1931: distribution, taxonomy, 312
- Kiritc1940: taxonomy, 123, 124
- Komosi1987: distribution, host, 96
- Komosi1987a: distribution, host, 106
- Koszta1959: distribution, host, 402
- KosztaKo1978: taxonomy, 65
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 272-274
- Koteja1971a: distribution, host, 322
- Koteja1974a: taxonomy, 249
- Koteja1974b: taxonomy, 78
- Koteja1976: taxonomy, 274
- Koteja1980: distribution, host, illustration, 79
- Koteja1983a: distribution, host, 676
- Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
- KotejaLi1976: structure, 667
- KotejaZa1966: distribution, host, 310, 320
- KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 362
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 478
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 65, 67
- Kozar1983a: host, 144
- Kozar1985: distribution, 202
- Kozar1991: taxonomy, 81
- Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 139
- Kozar2009: distribution, taxonomy, 105
- KozarDr1991: distribution, host, 363
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 64
- KozarFr1995: distribution, host, 70
- KozarKaKo2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy, 31,35, 609-612
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution,
- KozarKo1982: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 204, 210
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, 375
- KozarKo2008a: taxonomy, 148
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
- KozarKoSa2002: catalog, distribution, 38
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 71
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 84, 98, 114, 134, 150, 171, 188
- KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, taxonomy, 130
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 75
- Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 307
- KozarzRe1976: distribution, host, 1, 2
- KozarzVl1981: distribution, host, 16, 20, 23
- KozarzVl1982: distribution, host, 189
- Krasuc1922: distribution, host, 54
- Kunkel1967: distribution, host, 47
- Kuwana1923b: description, taxonomy, 57
- Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
- Lagows2002: distribution, 243
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- LagowsKo1996: distribution, 31
- Lindin1909b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 223
- Lindin1910: taxonomy, 192
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 358
- Lindin1912b: host, taxonomy, 159
- Lindin1921: distribution, host, 433
- Lindin1923: taxonomy, 142, 146
- Lindin1928: distribution, taxonomy, 103
- Lindin1931: distribution, host, 121
- Lindin1933: taxonomy, 31
- Lindin1934b: taxonomy, 175
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 135
- Lindin1938: distribution, taxonomy, 5
- Lindin1941a: distribution, host, 75
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 545
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 369, 372
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 122
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, 141
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, 27
- MalumpOsPy2009: description, distribution, host, 120-147
- Marcha1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 262-263
- Marott1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 160, 166-167
- MartinFo1982: host, 221
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MillerGi2000: biological control, catalog, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 443-447
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 58
- Moghad2018b: distribution, 519
- MorrisMo1966: taxonomy, 164
- MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
- NanDeWu2013: phylogenetics, taxonomy, 171, 173-174
- NastChKl1990: distribution, taxonomy, 121
- Newste1891: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 165-166
- Newste1892: taxonomy, 147
- Newste1896: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 57
- Newste1898: taxonomy, 97
- Newste1900a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 250-251
- Newste1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 210-213
- Nitsch1895: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1247-1249
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, phylogeny, taxonomy, 11,36
- Ossian1951: distribution, taxonomy, 4
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 195
- OuvrarKo2009: host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 101-115
- Pelliz1991a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 18
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60,68
- PellizKo2011: distribution, 66
- Perrie1926: description, distribution, taxonomy, 122
- Pierce1917: economic importance, 26
- Podsia2006a: illustration, physiology, 277-281
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 69
- Reh1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 353-354
- Reh1904: taxonomy, 34
- RipkaReKo1996: distribution, taxonomy, 13
- RossemBuBu1965: distribution, host, 148-150
- Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 370, 378, 418
- Schmut1955: host, taxonomy, 159
- Schmut1974: host, taxonomy, 49
- Schmut1980: host, 50, 53
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 54, 88
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 237
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 467
- Storka1925: distribution, taxonomy, 71-72
- Sulc1912: distribution, taxonomy, 33
- Szklar1998: host, illustration, physiology, 168, 170, 171
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 138
- TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 430
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 41
- Terezn1966: distribution, 27
- Terezn1968b: distribution, host, 48
- Terezn1968c: distribution, host, 49
- Terezn1975: taxonomy, 29
- Terezn1981: taxonomy, 59
- Thiem1931: taxonomy, 121
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 67
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
- Tsalev1968: taxonomy, 207
- Tschor1939: taxonomy, 89
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S116
- Willia1985h: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 386-389
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 580
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 236
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 23
- Wunn1925: distribution, host, 123
- Wunn1925b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 281, 285-286
- Wunn1926: distribution, host, 41, 45, 48
- Zahrad1959a: taxonomy, 539
- Zahrad1972: biological control, distribution, host, 403
- Zahrad1977: taxonomy, 121
- ZahradRo1995: distribution, host, 204
- ZakOgaKo1964: distribution, host, 426
- Zielke1942: taxonomy, 293
