Valid Names Results

Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman, 1826) (Coccidae: Physokermes)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus hemicryphus Dalman 1826: 369. Type data: SWEDEN: on Abies sp.. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman, 1826); Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 734. change of combination
Physokermes hemicriphus (Dalman, 1826); Danzig 1967: 169. misspelling of species epithet
Physokermes hemicyrphus (Dalman, 1826); Ülgentürk & Özdemir 2019: 77. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

small spruce-bud scale Koszta1996 KosztaKo1988F
spruce bud scale Gill1988 Stimme1996
Escama brote pequeña del abeto Pelliz2022
Kleine Fichtenquirlschildlaus Pelliz2022
mali smrekov kapar Pelliz2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 2 | Genera: 4

Cupressaceae

Juniperus | SzitaFeBe2017

Pinaceae

Abies | Argyri1983 Koszta1996
Abies alba | Hodgso1994a Koteja1971a KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1969 KotejaZa1983 Lagows1986 ZakOgaKo1964 | (= Picea excelsa)
Abies borisii-regis | Argyri1983 Santas1988
Abies cephalonica | Argyri1983 Santas1988
Abies nebrodensis | KosztaKo1988F | (= Abies pectinata)
Picea | KozarHuFo1989 Danzig1994 Hodgso1994a Koszta1996
Picea abies | Gavril2010 Kozar1980 Kozar1983a KozarOrKo1977 KozarOs1987 KozarSu1979 KozarTzVi1979 Gertss2005 Gill1988 KozarDr1993 KozarGuBa1994 KozarHuFo1989 MalumpOsPy2010 Marott1987
Picea engelmannii | BatsanKaKi2017
Picea glauca | KozarHuFo1989
Picea obovata | Danzig1972a
Picea orientalis | KozarGuBa1994
Picea pungens | Gill1988 Kozar1980
Picea rubens | Pelliz2022
Picea sitchensis | Gill1988
Tsuga canadensis | BatsanKaKi2017

Foes:

Families: 7 | Genera: 13

Anthribidae

Anthribus nebulosus | Schmut1972a

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus insidiator | Schmut1972a
Coccophagus lycimnia | SimonoDcDr2018

Chrysopidae

Chrysoperla carnea | DervisDrGr2024

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bipustulatus | StathaKaDa2021
Exochomus quadripustulatus | SimonoDcDr2018
Harmonia axyridis | SimonoDcDr2018
Scymnus | Schmut1972a
Scymnus abietis | SimonoDcDr2018

Encyrtidae

Aphycoides clavellatus | Schmut1955b | (= Aphycoides merceti)
Metaphycus unicolor | SimonoDcDr2018
Microterys cyanocephalus | Schmut1955b
Microterys lunatus | Schmut1972a
Pseudorhopus testaceus | Schmut1955b

Ichneumonidae

Exochus quadrimaculatus | Schmut1972a

Pteromalidae

Pachyneuron muscarum | SimonoDcDr2018

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 28

Austria | KosztaKo1988F

Bulgaria | Gavril2010 Kozar1985 KozarTzVi1979

Canada

British Columbia | KozarHuFo1989

Czech Republic |

France | FoldiGe2018

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017

Germany | Hodgso1994a

Greece | Argyri1983 Santas1988

Hungary | Kozar1980 Kozar1991 KozarDr1993 KozarKiSa2004 KozarKo2002b KozarOrKo1977 KozarSu1979

Italy | Marott1987 MarottTr1993a

Latvia | MalumpOs2008

Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009 MalumpOsPy2010

Luxembourg | GertssSc2020

Moldova | KozarOs1987

Mongolia | BenDov1993

Poland | Koteja1971a Koteja1984e KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1969 KotejaZa1983 LagowsKo1996 ZakOgaKo1964

Romania | FetykoKoDa2010 Kozar1985

Russia | Hodgso1994a

Omsk Oblast | BaraisGa2004

Serbia | SimonoDcDr2018

Slovenia | Seljak2010

Spain | SoriaEsVi1998

Sweden | Gertss2000 Gertss2005

Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994

Turkey | UlgentOz2019

Ukraine | BenDov1993

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | BenDov1993

United Kingdom

England | MalumpBa2012

United States

California | Hodgso1994a
Delaware | Koszta1996
Idaho | Furnis2004
Indiana | Koszta1996
Maine | Koszta1996
Maryland | Koszta1996
Massachusetts | Koszta1996
Minnesota | Koszta1996
New Hampshire | Koszta1996
New York | Koszta1996
Pennsylvania | Koszta1996 Stimme1996
Virginia | Koszta1996
Wisconsin | Koszta1996

Yugoslavia | Kozar1983a

Keys

KozarGoHo2012: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to female Physokermes species found in the western Palaearctic Region]
Koszta1996: pp.323 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastren North America]
Tang1991: pp.200 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
Gill1988: pp.73 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]

Remarks

Systematics: P. hemicryphus samples from Hungary appeared in a different clade from P. hemicryphus collected in Sweden. These populations do not seem to constitute host races, because they were both sampled from Picea abies, but might have been isolated by distance. The differentiation of P. hemicryphus suggested in the nuclear data (particularly in 28S) analyses was not supported in the species delimitation analysis, as P. hemicryphus was not genetically distant from P. piceae. However, the sample size of P. hemicryphus and its geographic range was much smaller than that of P. piceae, and thus, further studies are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of P. hemicryphus. (Marques, et al., 2023
Structure: See color photograph in Gill (1988). The body of a young female has a bud shape and yellowish-brown basic color, and is dark brown around the anal ring, while the body of an adult female is more sclerotized and brown. A male has an elongated-oval body shape with developed antennae, eyes, legs and one pair of wings (Simonović, et al., 2018)
Biology: This species reproduces parthenogenetically (Schmutterer, 1956). Develops one annual generation in Germany (Schmutterer, 1956), Greece (Santas, 1988), Central Europe (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988), Pennsylvania, USA (Stimmel, 1996). Peachhacker (1976, 1977) attempted to forecast the honeudew flow, as a source for beehoney production. In Serbia, Ph. hemicryphus develops one generation annually and overwinters as the second-instar larva on spruce branches. In Serbia, the species’ reproduction is sexual, as it is in Greece as well (Santas, 1988), while in Germany (Schmutterer, 1956) and North America (Gill, 1988) its reproduction is parthenogenetic. (Simonović et al., 2018)
Economic Importance: Santas (1988) reports that the honeydew excreted is of economic importance to apiculture in Greece.
General Remarks: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

Illustrations

Citations

Argyri1983: distribution, host, 365
Bacand2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 353-354
BaraisGa2004: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-55
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
BenDov1993: catalog, 233-234
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 296
CamachCh2015: distribution, host, 8-9, 13
Cocker1896b: distribution, host, 331
Dalman1826: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 369
Danzig1967: distribution, host, 169
Danzig1972b: distribution, host, 344
Danzig1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 111
Danzig1994: distribution, host, 47
DervisDrGr2024: biological control, natural enemies, 253-256
DervisGr2019: biological control, natural enemies,
DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 19,24,25
DervisStSi2019: illustration, natural enemies,
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
Dziedz1988: distribution, host, 96
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, host, 298
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
Furnis2004: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 1348-1352
Gavril2010: distribution, host, 39
Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
Gertss2000: distribution, host, 151
Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
Gertss2005: distribution, host, 38
Gertss2011: distribution, host, 41
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 133
Gill1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 73-74,78
GounarMaSt2005: distribution, economic importance, honeydew, host, life history, 339
Hadzib1983: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 150-152
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 86
Hodgso1994a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 466-469
HolmesDa1984: biological control, 65-70
Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
Kaweck1938: distribution, host, taxonomy, 204-205
KocsisOr1994: distribution, host, 478
Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 163
KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 15
KondoGu2022: economic importance, 5
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 368-369
KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 120
KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 231-232
Koteja1971a: distribution, host, 324
Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 80
Koteja1984e: distribution, host, 676
Koteja2000a: distribution, host, 172
KotejaZa1966: distribution, host, 327-328
KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 367
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 480
Kozar1972: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 181-182
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 68
Kozar1983a: distribution, host, 147
Kozar1985: distribution, host, 203
Kozar1991: distribution, host, 82
KozarDr1993: distribution, host, 75
KozarGoHo2012: distribution, taxonomy, 25, 36
KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 155
KozarHuFo1989: distribution, host, 74
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 59
KozarKo2002b: distribution, host, 376
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 73
KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 93
KozarSu1979: distribution, host, 235
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 83, 95, 111, 130, 147, 166, 187, 209
KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 130-131
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
Kozarz1992: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 156-158
KuznetGaGr2021: chromosomes, cytogenetics, 290
Lagows1986: distribution, host, 477
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
LagowsKo1996: distribution, host, 32
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 124
Malump2011a: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 51-53
MalumpBa2012: distribution, 22
MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 51,53
MalumpOs2008: distribution, host, 108
MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 123
MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 256-257
Marott1987: distribution, host, life history, 107-108
MarottTr1993a: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 171-179
MarqueWiJo2023: DNA, phylogeny, taxonomy,
Nur1979: structure, taxonomy, 96-97
PapanaEvPa2018: DNA, phylogenetics, 481
Pechha1976: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 209-236
Pechha1977: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 45-47
Pelliz2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host plants, illustration, taxonomy, 302-303
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60,70
Perny2005: biological control, distribution, host, 26-27
Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65
Santas1988: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 11-21
Schmut1955b: biological control, distribution, host, 514,518
Schmut1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 445-466
Schmut1958b: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 104-106
Schmut1965: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 300-325
Schmut1972a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 413-415
Schmut1980: taxonomy, 51
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 44, 87
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 106
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 856
Signor1874: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 88-90
SimonKa2011: distribution, 239
SimonoDcDr2018: biology, distribution, ecology, natural enemies,
SoriaEsVi1998: distribution, host, taxonomy, 219-224
StathaKaDa2021: distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, 56
Stimme1996: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 9-11
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 468
Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 200-201
Targio1868: taxonomy, 734
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 40
Terezn1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 182-184
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
UlgentOz2019: distribution, economic importance,
WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 25,40
WilliaKo1972: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-106
WolffWiLi2015: economic importance, honeydew, 1
Wunn1937: distribution, host, 22
ZakOgaKo1964: distribution, host, 431