Valid Names Results

Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead, 1894) (Pseudococcidae: Nipaecoccus)

Nomenclatural History

Dactylopius viridis Newstead 1894c: 5. Type data: INDIA: Madras, Nungumbaukum, on Hygrophila spinosa. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985,244). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name
Dactylopius vastator Maskell 1895b: 65. Type data: SANDWICH ISLANDS [= HAWAII]: Honolulu, on Citrus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Ali1970a, 113).
Pseudococcus vastator (Maskell, 1895); Kirkaldy 1902: 103. change of combination
Pseudococcus albizziae; Kirkaldy 1902: 103. misidentification
Pseudococcus viridis (Newstead, 1894); Fernald 1903b: 112. change of combination
Dactylopius perniciosus Newstead & Willcocks 1910: 138. Type data: EGYPT: Cairo, on Albizia lebbek. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985,244). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Zimmer1948, 245).
Ripersia theae Rutherford 1915: 111. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on branches of tea, Camellia sinensis.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1999,91). Type depository: Paradeniya: Horticultural Crop Research and Development Institute, Sri Lanka; junior synonym (discovered by Willia1999, 91).
Pseudococcus solitarius Brain 1915: 104. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Acacia spp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; junior synonym (discovered by DeLott1958a, 110).
Pseudococcus perniciosus Newstead 1920: 179. Type data: UGANDA: Kabete, on coffee. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; synonym and homonym (discovered by Willia1958, 220). Replacement name for Pseudococcus perniciosus Newstead and Willcocks
Pseudococcus filamentosus corymbatus Green 1922: 379. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, on Breynia patens. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985,244). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Willia1958, 212).
Trionymus sericeus James 1936: 203. Type data: KENYA: Kitale, on Coffea arabica. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985,244). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Willia1958, 212). Illustr.
Pseudococcus theae (Rutherford, 1915); Green 1937: 294. change of combination
Nipaecoccus vastator (Maskell, 1895); Ferris 1950b: 103. change of combination
Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead, 1894); Ali 1970a: 113. change of combination
Nipacoccous vastator; El-Shafie 2012: 520. misspelling of genus name
Nipaecoccu sviridis Sahu, et al. 2019: 94. misspelling of both genus and species names

Common Names

karoo thorn mealybug BenDov1994
Karoo thorn mealybug BenDov1994
lebbeck mealybug Bartle1978e BenDov1994
Lebbeck mealybug SharafMe1987
spherical mealybug BenDov1994 SmithBeBr1997
Hibiscus mealybug ESA2021
Bolle wolluis KondoWa2022c
cochinilla harinosa esférica KondoWa2022c
karoodoringwitluis KondoWa2022c
tama-kona-kaigaramushi KondoWa2022c

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 53 | Genera: 148

Acanthaceae

Acanthus ilicifolius | Willia2004a
Avicennia officinalis | Moghad2013a
Hygrophila | Varshn1992
Hygrophila auriculata | Ali1967a Ali1970a BenDov1994 Newste1894 Willia2004a | (= Hygrophila spinosa)
Hygrophila erecta | SharafMe1987
Peristrophe bicalyalata | Willia2004a
Sanchezia noblis | Willia2004a

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera indica | BenDov1994 KinjoNaHi1996 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a

Annonaceae

Annona muricata | SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Annona reticulata | EFSA2022g
Annona squamosa | MilleHeCa2016

Apiaceae

Apium graveolens | AbdulR1970 SharafMe1987

Apocynaceae

Beaumontia | Varshn1992
Beaumontia grandiflora | SharafMe1987
Holarrhena | Varshn1992
Nerium indicum | Ali1967a SharafMe1987
Nerium oleander | Ali1967a Beccar1971 BenDov1994 Hall1923 Matile1988 SharafMe1987 Varshn1992 Willia2004a | (= Nerium odorum)
Odontadenia | Willia2004a
Plumeria rubra | Willia2004a | (= Plumaria acutifolia)
Trachelospermum | Varshn1992
Trachelospermum lucidum | SharafMe1987

Araliaceae

Schefflera | BenDov2012

Arecaceae

Cocos nucifera | Willia2004a
Phoenix dactylifera | SharafMe1987

Asparagaceae

Asparagus | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
Asparagus aethiopicus | AbdulR1970
Asparagus densiflorus | SharafMe1987
Asparagus officinalis | SharafMe1987
Asparagus sprengeri | AbdulR2015

Asteraceae

Chrysanthemum | AbdulR1970 SharafMe1987
Helianthus | Varshn1992
Helianthus annuus | AbdulR2015
Parthenium hysterophorus | EFSA2022g
Sonchus | AbdulR2015
Tagetes erecta | AbdulR1970 SharafMe1987

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens walleriana | AbdulR2015

Bignoniaceae

Campsis grandiflora | Willia2004a | (= Tecoma grandiflora)
Catalpa | AbdulR2015
Jacaranda mimosifolia | BenDov1994 Hall1923 SharafMe1987
Spathodea campanulata | BenDov1994 Willia1985
Tabebuia rosea | SharafMe1987 | (= Tabebuia pentaphylla )

Cactaceae

Cactus | AbdulR2015
Opuntia | SharafMe1987 Varshn1992

Caricaceae

Carica papaya | Balach1957c BenDov1994 SharafMe1987

Caryophyllaceae

Dianthus caryophyllus | AbdulR2015

Casuarinaceae

Casuarina | Ali1967a Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Casuarina equisetifolia | SharafMe1987 Willia2004a

Convolvulaceae

Cuscuta exaltata | Stocks2013a
Ipomoea | AbdulR2015

Cucurbitaceae

Cucumis | Varshn1992
Cucumis sativus | Ali1967a SharafMe1987
Cucurbitaceae | WilliaMa2005a
Lagenaria siceraria | AbdulR2015
Luffa | Varshn1992
Luffa cylindrica | SharafMe1987 Willia2004a | (= Luffa aegyptiaca)

Ebenaceae

Diospyros | SharafMe1987 Varshn1992
Diospyros lotus | SharafMe1987

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha indica | SharafMe1987
Euphorbia | SharafMe1987 Varshn1992
Euphorbia helioscopia | AbdulR2015
Euphorbia hirta | Ali1957a Ali1967a BenDov1994 SharafMe1987 WilliaWa1988a
Euphorbia prostrata | AbdulR2015 SharafMe1987
Jatropha curcas | Willia2004a
Jatropha gossypifolia | SharafMe1987
Jatropha integerrima | SharafMe1987
Manihot esculenta | SharafMe1987
Ricinus communis | AbdulR2015
Suregada | Varshn1992 | (= Gelonium)
Suregada multiflora | Ali1967a | (= Gelonium multiforum)

Fabaceae

Abrus | Varshn1992
Abrus precatorius | AvasthSh1987 BenDov1994 Willia2004a
Acacia | BenDov1994 Brain1915 James1933a Varshn1992
Acacia karroo | EFSA2022g
Acacia modesta | SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Acacia nilotica | EFSA2022g
Albizia | BenDov1994 James1933a
Albizia lebbeck | AbdRabEv2021 SharafMe1987
Alhagi maurorum | AbdulR2015
Arachis hypogaea | Willia2004a
Caesalpinia | Ali1967a Green1922 SharafMe1987 Varshn1992
Cajanus | BenDov1994 DeLott1967a
Cajanus cajan | Ali1967a SharafMe1987 | (= Cajanus indicus)
Cascaronia | Ali1967a Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Ceratonia | SharafMe1987
Cicer arietinum | Willia2004a
Dalbergia | Varshn1992
Dalbergia sissoo | Ali1957a Ali1967a SharafMe1987
Desmodium | Ali1967a Green1922 Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Erythrina variegata | Ali1967a SharafMe1987 | (= Erythrina indica)
Falcataria falcata | SharafMe1987 | (= Albizia falcataria)
Glycine max | SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Intsia bijuga | SharafMe1987
Leucaena leucocephala | BenDov1994 Willia2004a WilliaWa1988a
Mimosa pudica | SarojaKaVe2013
Mucuna | VidyaBh2017
Pithecellobium | SharafMe1987 Varshn1992
Prosopis cineraria | Moghad2013a | (= Prosopis spicigera)
Prosopis farcta | AbdulR2015
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus | SharafMe1987
Robinia pseudoacacia | EFSA2022g
Schleinitzia fosbergii | SharafMe1987 | (= Leucaena insularum guamensis)
Serianthes nelsonii | SharafMe1987
Sesbania sesban | AbdulR2015
Tamarindus | BenDov1994 Reyne1961
Tamarindus indica | SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Tephrosia | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Vachellia nilotica | Ali1967a BenDov1994 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a | ssp. tomentosa (= Acacia arabica)
Vigna radiata | Willia2004a | (= Phaseolus aureus)

Geraniaceae

Geranium | AbdulR2015
Pelargonium | AbdulR1970 SharafMe1987

Lamiaceae

Clerodendrum | BenDov1994
Clerodendrum infortunatum | Ali1967 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Clerodendrum villosum | Willia2004a
Leucas | Willia2004a
Leucas aspera | SarojaKaVe2013
Ocimum tenuiflorum | Willia2004a | (= Ocimum sanctum)
Salvia splendens | AbdulR1970 SharafMe1987
Vitex negundo | Willia2004a

Lauraceae

Persea americana | SharafMe1987

Liliaceae

Fritillaria | AbdulR2015

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia indica | AbdulR2015
Punica granatum | AbdulR1970 Beccar1971 BenDov1994 Matile1984c SharafMe1987 TangLi1988 WilliaWa1988a

Malvaceae

Abelmoschus | Varshn1992
Abelmoschus esculentus | Ali1967a Ali1968 BenDov1994 SharafMe1987
Abelmoschus manihot | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Hibiscus manihot)
Alcea rosea | BenDov1994 Matile1988 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a | (= Althaea rosea)
Corchorus | Varshn1992
Corchorus capsularis | SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Gossypium | Ali1967a BenDov1994 GhoshGh1989 James1933a SharafMe1987 Varshn1992 WilliaWa1988a
Gossypium herbaceum | Willia2004a
Gossypium hirsutum | AvasthSh1987 BenDov1994 Willia2004a
Hibiscus syriacus | SharafMe1987
Melochia | Ali1967a Varshn1992
Pterospermum acerifolium | Willia2004a
Sida | Willia2004a
Thespesia | Varshn1992
Thespesia populnea | Ali1967a BenDov1994 Green1922 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a

Menispermaceae

Tinospora cordifolia | SarojaKaVe2013

Moraceae

Artocarpus altilis | SharafMe1987
Artocarpus heterophyllus | Ali1967a Ali1968 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a | (= Artocarpus integrifolia)
Artocarpus integer | GhoshGh1989 SharafMe1987
Ficus | SharafMe1987
Ficus benghalensis | Willia2004a
Ficus carica | AbdulR1970 BenDov1994 Hall1923 SharafMe1987
Ficus sycamorus | SharafMe1987
Morus | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Morus alba | AbdulR1970 Ali1967a BenDov1994 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Morus nigra | AbdulR2015
Streblus asper | Willia2004a

Musaceae

Musa | Willia2004a

Myrtaceae

Callistemon | AbdulR2015
Eugenia | Willia2004a
Myrtus communis | AbdulR2015
Psidium | Varshn1992
Psidium guajava | BenDov1994 Hall1923 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a

Oleaceae

Ligustrum | SharafMe1987 Varshn1992
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis | SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Olea europaea | AbdulR2015

Oxalidaceae

Averrhoa carambola | Willia2004a

Phyllanthaceae

Breynia | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Breynia retusa | Ali1967a BenDov1994 Green1937 SharafMe1987 | (= Breynia patens)
Glochidion rubrum | Willia2004a
Phyllanthus | Varshn1992 | (= Emblica)
Phyllanthus amarus | SharafMe1987
Phyllanthus emblica | Ali1967a SharafMe1987 Willia2004a | (= Emblica officinalis)
Phyllanthus niruri | EFSA2022g

Pinaceae

Pinus | EFSA2022g

Poaceae

Cynodon dactylon | AbdulR1970 SharafMe1987

Polygonaceae

Antigonon leptopus | AbdulR2015

Portulacaceae

Portulaca grandiflora | SharafMe1987 Willia2004a

Proteaceae

Grevillea robusta | SharafMe1987

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus | Ali1967a AvasthSh1987 Varshn1992
Ziziphus jujuba | Willia2004a
Ziziphus mauritiana | FallahAbSa2013 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Ziziphus spina-christi | AbdulR1970 AbdulR2015 BenDov1994 Hall1923 James1933a Matile1984c SharafMe1987

Rosaceae

Cydonia oblonga | AbdulR2015
Eriobotrya japonica | BenDov1994 Takaha1955f
Malus domestica | AbdulR2015 | (= Pyrus malus)
Prunus armeniaca | AbdulR2015
Pyrus communis | AbdulR1970 SharafMe1987
Rosa | AbdulR1970 SharafMe1987
Rosa canina | AbdulR2015

Rubiaceae

Coffea arabica | BenDov1994 DeLott1967a James1933 James1936 Newste1920 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a
Coffea liberica | Willia2004a
Gardenia jasminoides | Stocks2013a
Ixora | Ali1967a SharafMe1987 Varshn1992

Rutaceae

Citrus | Ali1967a Ali1968 BenDov1994 Ferris1954a GhoshGh1989 Matile1988 Reyne1961 WilliaWa1988a | (= Feronia)
Citrus aurantiifolia | SharafMe1987 WilliaWa1988a | (= Citrus medica var. acida)
Citrus aurantium | AbdulR1970 BenDov1994 SharafMe1987 | (including Citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia)
Citrus bigaradia | Moghad2013a
Citrus limon | AbdulR1970 BenDov1985a BenDov1994 SharafMe1987 | (= Citrus x bergamia) (= Citrus volkameriana)
Citrus maxima | AbdulR1970 BenDov1985a BenDov1994 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a | (= Citrus grandis)
Citrus medica | AbdulR1970 Ali1957a BenDov1994 SharafMe1987 | (= Citrus limetta)
Citrus paradisi | AbdulR2015
Citrus reticulata | SharafMe1987 | (= Citrus nobilis)
Citrus sinensis | Ali1957a BenDov1985a Willia1985
Citrus trifoliata | OlabiyStDi2023
Clausena lansium | MartinLa2011
Glycosmis | SharafMe1987 Varshn1992
Glycosmis pentaphylla | SharafMe1987
Limonia | Ali1967a SharafMe1987 | (= Ferronia)
Limonia acidissima | Ali1967a SharafMe1987 | (= Ferronia elephantum)
Murraya koenigii | SharafMe1987

Salicaceae

Flacourtia | Varshn1992
Flacourtia indica | SharafMe1987
Flacourtia inermis | Willia2004a

Sapindaceae

Dimocarpus longan | MartinLa2011
Nephelium lappaceum | Willia2004a

Saururaceae

Houttuynia | EFSA2022g

Solanaceae

Cestrum nocturnum | AbdulR2015
Datura stramonium | Willia2004a
Solanum | Varshn1992
Solanum lycopersicum | AbdulR1970 AbdulR2015 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a | (= Lycopersicon esculentum)
Solanum melongena | Ali1967a SharafMe1987 | (= Lycopersicon melongena)
Solanum nigrum | AbdulR2015
Solanum tuberosum | Ali1967a BenDov1994 Hall1923 SharafMe1987 Willia2004a

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a

Theaceae

Camellia | Ruther1915 Varshn1992 | (= Thea)
Camellia sinensis | Ali1967a Willia2004a | (= Thea sinensis)

Ulmaceae

Ulmaceae | Moghad2013

Urticaceae

Pilea microphylla | EFSA2022g
Pilea serpyllacea | AbdulR2015

Verbenaceae

Lantana camara | AbdulR2015
Verbena | AbdulR1970 SharafMe1987

Vitaceae

Vitis | Varshn1992
Vitis vinifera | AbdulR1970 Ali1967a BenDov1994 Hall1923 SharafMe1987 Willia1988a Willia2004a

Zygophyllaceae

Zygophyllum fabago | AbdulR2015

Foes:

Families: 16 | Genera: 53

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus | SharafMe1987
Coccophagus ceroplastae | KondoWa2022c
Coccophagus cowperi | SharafMe1987
Coccophagus perhispidus | SharafMe1987
Coccophagus pseudococci | SharafMe1987
Euryischomyia washingtoni | SharafMe1987
Marietta connecta | KondoWa2022c
Marietta leopardina | AbdRab2001d
Marietta picta | KondoWa2022c

Araneidae

Argiope | BharpoKoKo2009
Neoscona | BharpoKoKo2009

Cecidomyiidae

Diadiplosis coccidivora | Barnes1930
Diadiplosis koebelei | SharafMe1987
Dicrodiplosis | SharafMe1987 SinhaSaDi1985
Dicrodiplosis manihoti | FallahShOs2008a
Dicrodiplosis pseudococci | SharafMe1987

Chamaemyiidae

Leucopis luteicornis | SharafMe1987

Chrysopidae

Chrysopa | SharafMe1987
Chrysoperla carnea | SharafMe1987 ZakeriZiFa2009
Chrysoperla mutata | KondoWa2022c | (=- Chrysopa mutata)

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus haematocephalus | SharafMe1987
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | SharafMe1987
Delphastus pusillus | KondoWa2022c
Exochomus melanocephalus | FallahAbSa2013
Exochomus nigripennis | SharafMe1987
Hyperaspis maindroni | SinhaSaDi1985
Hyperaspis polita | FallahAbSa2013 JalilvShFa2014 Moghad2013
Hyperaspis pumila | SharafMe1987
Nephus | Moghad2013 SharafMe1987 SinhaSaDi1985
Nephus (Bipunctatus) conjunctus | FallahAbSa2013 Moghad2013 | (= Nephus (Bipunctatus) includens)
Nephus (Geminosipho) fenestratus | FallahAbSa2013
Nephus arcuatus | ZarghaMoKo2016
Nephus bipunctatus | SharafMe1987
Nephus regularis | SharafMe1987
Nephus roepkei | SharafMe1987
Nephus ryuguus | KondoWa2022c
Scymnus | SharafMe1987
Scymnus (Pullus) coccivora | SharafMe1987
Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus | SharafMe1987 KondoWa2022c
Scymnus fuscatus | SharafMe1987
Scymnus nubilus | KondoWa2022c
Stethorus punctillum | SharafMe1987

Cosmopterigidae

Pyroderces | KondoWa2022c

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus | SharafMe1987

Drosophilidae

Cacoxenus multidentatus | TsacasCh1999
Cacoxenus perspicax | SharafMe1987
Drosophilidae | SinhaSaDi1985
Gitona | SharafMe1987

Encyrtidae

Acerophagus utilis | KondoWa2022c
Aenasius indicus | SharafMe1987 | (= Neodiscodes indicus)
Ageniaspis fuscicollis | MoghadWa2022
Alamella flava | ChackoSi1980 SharafMe1987
Anagyrus aegyptiacus | AbdRab2001d Moore1988 SharafMe1987
Anagyrus agraensis | BeardsTr2002
Anagyrus aligarhensis | Moghad2013
Anagyrus almoriensis | SharafMe1987 GuptaBiPr2022
Anagyrus aurantifrons | LePell1959
Anagyrus chrysos | KondoWa2022c
Anagyrus clauseni | KondoWa2022c
Anagyrus dactylopii | Moore1988 SharafMe1987 Trjapi1989 | (= Anagyrus scutomacutalus)(= Aphycus dactylopii)
Anagyrus indicus | SharafMe1987
Anagyrus kamali | SharafMe1987 | (= Anagyrus nigroradiclatus)
Anagyrus levis | KondoWa2022c
Anagyrus mirzai | SharafMe1987 | (= Anagyrus gunturiensis)
Anagyrus pseudococci | AbdRab2001d SharafMe1987
Anagyrus ranchiensis | KondoWa2022c
Anagyrus sawadai | KondoWa2022c
Apoleptomastix rufiscapus | KondoWa2022c
Cerchysius laticeps | SinhaSaDi1985
Cheiloneurus carinatus | KondoWa2022c
Cheiloneurus latiscapus | SharafMe1987 | (= Cheiloneurus albifuniculus)
Coccidencyrtus | SharafMe1987
Coccidoctonus terebratus | SharafMe1987 | (= Echthroplexis terebratus)
Gyranusoidea flava | KondoWa2022c
Gyranusoidea indica | SharafMe1987
Gyranusoidea munda | KondoWa2022c
Homalotylus | SharafMe1987
Homalotylus albiclavatus | SharafMe1987
Homalotylus eytelweinii | SharafMe1987
Homalotylus flaminius | SharafMe1987
Homalotylus hemipterinus | SharafMe1987 | (= Homalotylus nigritus)
Homalotylus indicus | SinhaSaDi1985 | (= Homalotylus nipaecocci )
Homalotylus quaylei | KondoWa2022c
Leptomastidea alleni | FallahShOs2008
Leptomastix | SharafMe1987
Leptomastix dactylopii | Moore1988
Leptomastix flava | AbdRab2001d
Leptomastix gunturiensis | SharafMe1987
Leptomastix longicornis | FallahJaAb2014
Leptomastix nigrocoxalis | AbdRab2001d Moore1988 SharafMe1987 | (= Leptomastix phenacocci)
Parechthrodryinus albiclavatus | SharafMe1987
Praleurocerus viridis | KondoWa2022c
Prochiloneurus | SharafMe1987 | (= Achrysopophagus)
Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus | SharafMe1987 | (= Achrysopophagus aegyptiacas)
Prochiloneurus agarwali | KondoWa2022c
Prochiloneurus albifuniculus | SharafMe1987
Prochiloneurus comperei | KondoWa2022c
Prochiloneurus indicus | SharafMe1987
Prochiloneurus insolitus | SharafMe1987
Prochiloneurus io | SharafMe1987 Trjapi1989 | (= Achrysopophagus io)
Prochiloneurus pulchellus | KondoWa2022c
Prochiloneurus testaceus | SharafMe1987 | (= Prochiloneurus hayati)
Pseudectroma gilvum | KondoWa2022c
Pseudectroma signatum | KondoWa2022c
Tyndarichus albiclavatus | KondoWa2022c

Eulophidae

Aprostocetus | KondoWa2022c
Aprostocetus rajai | KondoWa2022c
Tetrastichus | SharafMe1987 SinhaSaDi1985

Eupelmidae

Anastatus | SharafMe1987

Noctuidae

Autoba costimacula | KondoWa2022c

Oxyopidae

Oxyopes | BharpoKoKo2009
Peucetia | BharpoKoKo2009

Pteromalidae

Cephaleta australiensis | KondoWa2022c
Pachyneuron | SharafMe1987
Pachyneuron muscarum | Moghad2013
Pachyneuron planiscuta | KondoWa2022c
Promuscidea unfasciativentris | Ali1968 SharafMe1987 SinhaSaDi1985

Signiphoridae

Chartocerus fimbriae | SharafMe1987
Chartocerus hyalipennis | SharafMe1987
Chartocerus kerrichi | SharafMe1987
Chartocerus kurdjumovi | SharafMe1987
Chartocerus subaeneus | AbdRab2001d
Thysanus | SharafMe1987

Associates:

Families: 2 | Genera: 8

Betaproteobacteria

Candidatus Tremblaya princeps | ChoiLe2022

Formicidae

Camponotus compressus | SharmaSu2011
Crematogaster | SharmaSu2011
Meranoplus | SharmaSu2011
Myrmicaria brunnea | SharmaSu2011
Oecophylla smaragdina | SharmaSu2011
Technomyrmex albipes | SharmaSu2011
Tetraponera rufonigra | SharmaSu2011

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 67

Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996

Algeria | SharafMe1987

Angola | Almeid1973 BenDov1994 DeLott1967a

Australia

Northern Territory | BenDov1994 Willia1985
Queensland | SmithBeBr1997 Willia1985

Bahamas | EFSA2022g

Bangladesh | BenDov1994 CABI1983a Varshn1992 Willia2004a

Benin | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Bhutan | Willia2004a

Burkina Faso | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Burma (=Myanmar) | Crowe1985

China | BenDov1994 Borchs1956 Ferris1954a

Hainan | WangZhTi2018
Henan (=Honan) | SunLiWa2018
Hunan | BenDov1994 HuHeWa1992
Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | BenDov1994 TangLi1988
Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016

Comoros | BenDov1994 Mamet1960 Matile1978

Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Egypt | BenDov1994 CABI1983a Hall1923

Eritrea | SharafMe1987

Guam | SharafMe1987

Hawaiian Islands

Hawaii | Beards1960 BenDov1994 Kirkal1902 Maskel1895b

India | Ali1967a Ali1970a AvasthSh1987 BenDov1994 GhoshGh1989 SinhaSaDi1985 Varshn1992

Andhra Pradesh | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Assam | Willia2004a
Bihar | Mohamm1963 Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Goa | Varshn1992
Gujarat | BharpoKoKo2009 Willia2004a
Himachal Pradesh | Varshn1992
Karnataka | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Kerala | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Madhya Pradesh | Willia2004a
Maharashtra | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
NCT Delhi | Varshn1992
Odisha (=Orissa) | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Punjab | Willia2004a
Rajasthan | Willia2004a
Tamil Nadu | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
Tripura | Willia2004a
Uttar Pradesh | Varshn1992 Willia2004a
West Bengal | Nath1972 Varshn1992 Willia2004a

Indonesia

Irian Jaya | BenDov1994 CABI1983a
Java | BenDov1994 CABI1983a Willia2004a
Sulawesi (=Celebes) | Willia2004a
Sumatra | ZarkanErAp2023

Iran | BenDov1994 CABI1983a KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2009

Iraq | AbdulR1970 BenDov1994

Israel | BenDov1985a BenDov1994 BenDovSwQa1985

Japan | BenDov1994 Kawai1980 KinjoNaHi1996 Takaha1955f

Jordan | BenDov1994 SharafMe1987

Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | BenDov1994 CABI1983a Willia2004a

Kenya | BenDov1994 James1933a James1936

Kiribati | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a

Madagascar | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Malawi | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Malaysia | BenDov1994 CABI1983a Willia2004a

Mali | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Mauritius | EFSA2022g

Mexico | EFSA2022g

Nepal | BenDov1994 CABI1983a Willia2004a

New Caledonia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a

Niger | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Nigeria | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Northern Mariana Islands | SharafMe1987

Oman | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Pakistan | BenDov1994 CABI1983a Varshn1992 Willia2004a

Papua New Guinea | BenDov1994 Reyne1961 WilliaWa1988a

Philippines | BenDov1994 CABI1983a Willia2004a

Luzon | BenDov1994 LitCa1994a

Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014

Rwanda | EFSA2022g

Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | KondoWa2022c

Saudi Arabia | Beccar1971 BenDov1994 CABI1983a Matile1984c Matile1988

Senegal | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Seychelles | GermaiAtBa2008

Singapore | Willia2004a

Solomon Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a

South Africa | BenDov1994 Brain1915

Sri Lanka | Ali1967a BenDov1994 Green1922 Green1937 Ruther1915 Varshn1992

Sudan | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Syria | Ahmad1998

Taiwan | BenDov1994 Ferris1954a

Tanzania | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Thailand | BenDov1994 CABI1983a DownieGu2004 Willia2004a

Togo | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Turkey | EFSA2022f

Tuvalu | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Uganda | BenDov1994 Newste1920

United States

Florida | Stocks2013a StocksHo2010

Vietnam | BenDov1994 DanzigKo1990 Willia2004a

Zambia | EFSA2022g

Zanzibar | WilliaMa2005a

Zimbabwe | BenDov1994 CABI1983a

Keys

EvansAb2023: pp.8-13 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococccidae of Egypt]
JoshiSuRe2021: pp.118-119 ( Adult (F) ) [Field characters of mealybugs in cassava]
JoshiSuRe2021: pp.119-120 ( Adult (F) ) [Microscopic characters of mealybugs in cassava]
Hodgso2020: pp.32-34 ( Adult (M) ) [higher groups of Pseudococcidae]
Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs interepted in S. Korea]
VonEllWaKi2018: pp.177 ( Adult (F) ) [Nipaecoccus in the U.S. and territories]
DanzigGa2015: pp.476-477 ( Adult (F) ) [Nipaecoccus species]
MoghadEs2014: pp.59 ( Adult (F) ) [Species on Ficus in Iran]
ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
WilliaMa2009a: pp.97-101 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]
Willia2004a: pp.442 ( Adult (F) ) [Nipaecoccus species of southern Asia]
Willia1985: pp.229 ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
McKenz1967: pp.206 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
Beards1960: pp.212 ( Adult (M) ) [Hawaii]
Ferris1953a: pp.388 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Ferris1950b: pp.103 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Zimmer1948: pp.176 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]

Remarks

Systematics: Tinsley (1900: 65) erroneously synonymized Dactylopius vastator Maskell with Dactylopius filamentosus Cockerell. Females studied by von Ellenrieder, et al., 2018 which presented N. nipae morphology and analyzed for COI presented three distinct sequences differing by 5– 7% from each other. The COI sequences of specimens of N. viridis from Malaysia and Guam were identical. The sequence of N. nipae complex1 (matching N. nipae morphology, with only a few ventral multilocular pores all restricted to medial areas of SIV–VIII and no dorsal OC) matches COI sequences identified as N. viridis from South Africa, but differs by 12% from the COI sequences of specimens matching N. viridis morphology from Guam and Malaysia (this study) and also by 12% from sequences of specimens identified as N. viridis in unpublished studies from China and India available in GenBank; this indicates that the South African sequence uploaded to GenBank as N. viridis represents a misidentification. (von Ellexnrieder, et al., 2018)
Structure: Freshly laid eggs are oval, brownish white to orange, and turning brownish-red or purplish prior to hatching. Immature females are oval and purplish or dark red, resembling adult females with less waxy covering. Immature males are light brown, slightly longer, and more slender than immature females. (Olabiyi, et al., 2023) Young adult female oval, 2.5‒4.0 mm long, becoming very rotund with maturity; body coated with thick mealy wax that is white initially but may turn pale yellow with age; body contents dark green / purple / brown-purple. A large hemispherical ovisac of loose, sticky, elastic white wax filaments is produced from under the abdomen, and may contain several hundred violet eggs; ovisac material may cover body. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2022) Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980). Slide-mounted adult female broadly oval. Anal lobes moderately developed. Antennae each usually with 7 segments. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2022)
Biology: Nipaecoccus viridis reproduces both sexually and parthenogenically. Eggs are laid in a large hemispherical ovisac, which usually hide the female. Females lay about 300–500 eggs in their lifetime and sometimes more than 1,100 eggs. The mealybug prefers to feed and reproduce on fast growing tissues like new branches and fruits. (EFSA2021) On citrus it infests twigs, shoots, leaves, flower buds and fruit. The mealybug colonizes on the host's branches, twigs, shoots, leaves, flower buds and fruits, and feed on roots. From these parts, the mealybug sucks up the plant sap, causing curling and dwarfing of the terminal growth, abortion of flowers, and yellowing of leaves and dropping of fruits (Sharaf & Meyerdirk, 1987). Mean longevity of adult males is 81.3 ± 2.5 h. The estimated duration of the sexually active phase of the adult male within life span varied between mealybug species. Among the seven tested species, Ps. longispinus displayed the shortest period (34.4 h) and N. viridis the longest one (46.6 h).There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which was indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)
Economic Importance: Nipaecoccus viridis attacks several citrus species causing considerable damage in orchards in citrus-growing regions worldwide. it has been found infesting mature groves and young replanted trees of commercial citrus in Florida. (Olabiyi, et al., 2023) It is widerspread throughout the tropics and subtropics, attacking numerous plant species and often causing considerable damage (Clausen, 1978; Sharaf & Meyerdirk, 1987). Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).
Ahmed, et al. incorporated a solution of 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with a pH of 14 that turned N. viridis haemolymph green in less than a minute into a field diagnostic kit. They developed and tested the kit for commercial production systems in citrus and ornamental plant industries. This kit will aid in controlling N. viridis in the field and contribute to efforts to halt its further spread in Florida and the United States.
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) (as P. vastator, Ferris (1954), De Lotto (1957), Ali (1959), Williams (1985), Williams & Watson (1988a), Ghosh & Ghose (1989) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Afifi (1968) and by Ghosh & Ghose (1989). Good description of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Ghosh & Ghose (1989). Good description and illustration of the second-instar female and third-instar female given by Ghosh & Ghose (1989). Good description and illustration of the third-instar male nymph and fourth-instar male nymph given by Ghosh & Ghose (1989). There has been considerable confusion about the true identities of Nipaecoccus viridis and N. filamentosus (Cockerell). In many instances discussions about N. filamentosus pertain instead to N. viridis. Nipaecoccus filamentosus is restricted to a few islands in the Caribbean, whereas N. viridis is widespread in many of the tropical areas of the old world. "Because the original slide preparations of Dactylopius filamentosus were labelled South Caicos, Bahamas {an old connection}, instead of South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands, and, because of the early synonymy of D. vastator (= Nipaecoccus viridis) with it, N. viridis was wrongly recorded in the Bahamas and Mexico in a distribution map by the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology (1983). Nipaecoccus viridis has never been found in the Bahamas and Mexico." (Williams & Miller, 2010a)

Illustrations

Citations

AbassiSi1966: biological control, distribution, 408-410
AbdRab2001d: biological control, distribution, 1361
AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 42
AbdulR1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-108
Afifi1968: description, illustration, taxonomy, 110-114
Ahmad1998: distribution, host, 29
AhmedDe2022: diagnosis,
AhmedDoVo2023: control, diagnosis,
AlAnsiAlFa2020: natural enemies, 64
Ali1957a: description, distribution, ecology, host, 54-57
Ali1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 142-144
Ali1967a: distribution, host, 32-33
Ali1968: distribution, host, 126-127
Ali1970a: catalog, distribution, host, 113
AltierNi1999: biological control, 919-933
Anneck1969: biological control, 849-854
AvasthSh1987: distribution, host, 29-30
BalikaKoPr2011: distribution, host, 580
BarZakPeCh1987: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 855-860
Barnes1930: biological control, distribution, host, 319-329
Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 146, 147
Beards1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 235-236
BeardsTr2002: biological control, distribution, host, 141-142
Beccar1971: distribution, host, 194
Bedfor1973: biological control, 4-11
BenDov1985a: distribution, host, 188
BenDov1994: catalog, 256-257
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 35, 43
BenDovSwQa1985: distribution, host, 716
BharpoKoKo2009: distribution, host, natural enemies,
Brain1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-107
Buckle1987: ecology, life history, 53-85
Butani1979: economic importance, 36-40
ChackoSi1980: biological control, distribution, host, 63-64
ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, phylogeny, 358,359
Comper1938: biological control, 315-337
Crowe1985: distribution,
DanzigGa2015: diagnosis, distribution, key, taxonomy, 477, 487-488
DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 40
Das1959: ecology, life history, 437-448
DeLott1957b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 228-230
DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 118
DeitzTo1980: taxonomy, 55
DiepenAh2020: control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration,
DownieGu2004: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, 258-259
Dutt1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 59-71
EFSA2021: biology, control, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 18, 30-31, 46, 134-149
EFSA2021a: biology, distribution, economic importance, host, 22, 32-33, 95-97
EFSA2022f: biology, distribution, economic importance, 42, 43, 151-160
EFSA2022g: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
EFSA2024c: dispersal, economic importance, host, list, 23
ESA2021: nomenclature, 38
ElHaidAz1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 41-46
ElShaf2012: distribution, host, 520
ElangoSrVi2021: distribution, host, 126
EtzelLe1999: biological control, 125-197
EvansAb2023: distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 6, 7, 10, 21, 56
EzzatNa1987: distribution, 89
FDACS2010: distribution, host, 4
FallahAbSa2013: biological control, distribution, host, 673-679
FallahHeMo2002: biological control, distribution, host, 81-82
FallahJa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 4, 5, 6, 9, 17, 18, 26, 34
FallahJaAb2014: biological control, host, 516
FallahShOs2008: biological control, distribution, host, 13-14
FallahShOs2008a: biological control, distribution, host, 17-18
FandAmYa2020: biological control, natural enemies,
FarhadEsMo2019: distribution, life history, natural enemies,
Fernal1903b: 112
Ferris1950b: taxonomy, 103
Ferris1954a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53-54
FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 254
FrancoSuBo2004: biological control, 507-522
FrancoZaMe2009: behavior,
GainesStNe2022: natural enemies,
Gavril2018: reproduction, 223
GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, host, 129-135
GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, host, 24
GhoshGh1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 564-570
GhoshGh2000: ecology, life history, 922-925
GithaeOnNd2021: distribution, host, 81
Green1922: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 379
Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 293-294
Gross1993: life history, 251-273
GrossDrSt1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host,
GrossGeRo2000: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 234-240
GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
GroveDeDa2013: distribution, host, 378
Gullan2000: description, taxonomy, 160-166
Gupta2018: control, distribution, host, 153-154
Hall1923: distribution, host, 35-36
HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
Hawkin1994: biological control, 3
Hayat1971: 421-432
Hodgso2012: taxonomy, 64
Hodgso2020: key, 34
HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 178
JalilvShFa2014: distribution, host, natural enemies, 3, 5, 7
James1933a: distribution, host, 435
James1936: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 203-204
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 29
JoshiSuRe2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key,
KakotiDeRo2022: distribution, host, list, 9
Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 117
KaydanCaUl2013: economic importance, 169
KinjoNaHi1996: distribution, host, 126
KlaewkSu2005: biological control, 156-162
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 24
KondoWa2022c: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 154-156
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 64
LePell1959: biological control, distribution, host,
LeviZStFe2019: chemical ecology, control,
LeviZaStBe2021: chemistry,
LitCa1994a: distribution, host, 392
MalipaDuSm2000: biological control, 72
Mamet1960: distribution, host, 158
MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 47
MarzoBVaNa2024: chemical, reproductive system, 21488
Matile1978: distribution, host, 50
Matile1984c: distribution, host, 225
Matile1988: distribution, host, 35
MendelGrBl1995: biological control, 55-64
MendelJaPr2012: behavior,
MendelPrJa2012: biological control, ecology, 385-394
Meyerd2003: distribution, host,
MiddleDi2022: control,
MiddleKiJo2022: ant association, natural enemies,
Millar2002: illustration, 228
MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 150
Moghad2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 155-156
Moghad2009: distribution, host, 21,22
Moghad2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 6, 32-33, 35, 99
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 66
MoghadEs2014: key, 59
MoghadWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, illustration, natural enemies, 10, 70-72, 146
Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 126
MohammGh2008: distribution, 155
Mohara1990: structure, 48
Moore1988: biological control, 212
MossadBa1996: biological control, distribution, host, 665
MossadKh1996: life history, 656
Nath1972: distribution, host, 6
Nechol1995: biological control, distribution, host, 164-165
Nechol2003: biological control, distribution, host, 324-329
NecholKi1985: biological control, life history, 32-37
NeumanODGu2016: ant association, dispersal, distribution, host, 159-166
Newste1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 179-180
OlabiyDuPr2022: biological control, entomopathogenic fungi,
OlabiyMiAh2023: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration,
OlabiyStDi2023: biology, distribution, economic importance, host,
OlabiyStDi2024: host, phenology,
ParidaMo1982: distribution, structure, 19
ParsaKoWi2012: taxonomy, 9
Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 343, 345
RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 4, 6
Reyne1961: distribution, host, 125
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
Ruther1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 111
SahaGh2001: chemical control, 764-766
SahuJoGa2019: host, 94
SahuJoGa2019: biological control, distribution, natural enemies,
SahuJoGa2019: biological control, distribution, natural enemies,
SarojaKaVe2013: distribution, economic importance, host,
Sassce1911: taxonomy, 65
Seraj1999: chemical control, distribution, host, 121-128
SharafMe1987: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 2-16
SharmaSu2011: distribution, ecology, 62-64
SheraKaSh2017: natural enemies,
SinhaSaDi1985: biological control, distribution, host, 14-15
SmithBeBr1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 85-87
SoleymDe2001: biological control, distribution, host, 2
Stocks2013a: distribution, host, natural enemies, 243-245
StocksHo2010: biology, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, illustration,
Suh2019a: key, 6
SunLiWa2018: distribution,
Takaha1955f: distribution, host, 239
Talhou2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 84-85
Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 335-336
Tang2001: distribution, 3
TangLi1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 44, 46
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
Trjapi1989: biological control, 137, 316
TsacasCh1999: biological control, 102
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S124
Varshn1992: distribution, host, 43
Varshn2005: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 148-149
VidyaBh2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 215
WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
WangZhTi2018: distribution, host, 2
Watson2021: distribution, 526
Willia1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 244, 245
Willia1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 91-92
Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 448-452
Willia2005: distribution, host, 168
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 246, 249, 250, 251
WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 166, 168
WilliaMa2005a: distribution, host, 146
WilliaMa2012: distribution, host, 88
WilliaMi1999: life history, taxonomy, 524
WilliaMi2010a: distribution, taxonomy,
WilliaWa1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 123-125
ZakeriZiFa2009: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 126-139
ZarghaMoKo2016: natural enemies, 1-9
ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 181
ZarkanErAp2023: distribution, 165
Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 176, 245-254
vanden1995: distribution, host, 1-4
vanden2001c: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 196-208