Valid Names Results
Kermes quercus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Kermesidae: Kermes)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus quercus Linnaeus 1758: 455. Type data: on Quercus roboris. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Type material presumed lost.
- Chermes reniformis Fourcroy 1785: 230. junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 64). Notes: Types presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999). Geoffroy (1762) gives the description "CHERMES quercus reniformis;" but this treatment is considered invalid because the publication does not consistently use binominal nomenclature. The first description and binominal use of this name appears to be given in Fourcroy (1785), although many subsequent authors have cited Signoret (1875) as the author of Kermes reniformis.
- Coccus cambii Ratzeburg 1844: 194. junior synonym (discovered by Fulmek1943, 28, 38). Notes: Type not found in DEIC (Eckhard Groll, personal communication, May 29, 2002) and presumed lost.
- Physokermes reniformis (Fourcroy, 1785); Targioni Tozzetti 1869: 41. change of combination
- Kermes reniformis (Fourcroy, 1785); Signoret 1875: 553. change of combination Notes: This species is often cited as being authored by "Signoret ex Reaumur."
- Kermes quercus (Linnaeus, 1758); Cockerell 1894t: 178. change of combination
- Kermes lindingeri King 1914b: 34. Type data: GERMANY: on Quercus sessiliflora, 1906, by L. Lindinger. Unknown type status, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1928, 107). Notes: We have been unable to locate type material of this species.
- Kermococcus quercus (Linnaeus, 1758); Henriksen 1921: 308. change of combination
- Kermes quercus (Linnaeus, 1758); Ferris 1921c: 157. revived combination (previously published) Notes: Both Kermococcus and Talla were deemed to be synonyms of Kermes in Ferris, 1921c, reviving the combination Kermes quercus.
- Talla quercus (Linnaeus, 1758); Lindinger 1933a: 143. change of combination
Common Names
- kermes berry KozarDr1998h
- striped kermes KosztaKo1988F
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
Foes:
Families: 7 | Genera: 13
- Anthribidae
- Anthribus nebulosus | Lesche2000
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus | Fulmek1943
- Coccophagus lycimnia | Tudor1982
- Encarsia citrella | Fulmek1943 | (= Prospaltella citrella)
- Braconidae
- Bracon breviusculus | Fulmek1943
- Coccinellidae
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Encyrtidae
- Blastothrix orientalis | ShiSiWa1995
- Blastothrix sericea | Fulmek1943
- Cheiloneurus albicornis | Fulmek1943
- Metaphycus punctipes | Fulmek1943
- Metaphycus zebratus | Tudor1982 | (= Aphycus zebratus)
- Microterys chalcostomus | Fulmek1943 GuerriFoNo2020 KosztaKo1988F | (= Encyrtus chalcostomus)
- Microterys ferrugineus | KosztaKo1988F
- Eulophidae
- Aprostocetus leptoneuros | Domeni1966 | (= Tetrastichus leptoneurus)
- Aprostocetus pachyneuros | Fulmek1943 KosztaKo1988F Sugony1962a | (= Geniocerus pachyneuros )(= Tetrastichus pachyneurus)
- Baryscapus endemus | ZakOga1961
- Tetrastichus inunctus | Fulmek1943
- Tetrastichus thysanotus | Danzig1959 | (= Geniocerus thysanotus)
- Eupelmidae
- Eupelmus urozonus | Fulmek1943 Morley1910c | (= Pteromalus audouinii)
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 4
- Formicidae
- Formica cinerea | KosztaKo1988F
- Lasius fuliginosus | KosztaKo1988F
- Lasius niger | KosztaKo1988F
- Leptothorax acervorum | KosztaKo1988F
- Myrmica | KosztaKo1988F
- Myrmica ruginodis | KosztaKo1988F
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 24
- Austria | Hoy1963
- Bulgaria | KosztaKo1988F Tsalev1968
- China
- Liaoning | ShiSiWa1995
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Czechoslovakia | KosztaKo1988F
- Denmark | Gertss2001 KosztaKo1988F
- Finland | Gertss2001 KosztaKo1988F
- France | Foldi2001 Hoy1963
- Germany | Hoy1963 SchmutHo2016
- Greece | KozarPaPa1991
- Hungary | Hoy1963
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996
- Latvia | Stalaz2021
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020
- Netherlands | KosztaKo1988F
- Poland | Hoy1963 SimonKa2011
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Hoy1963
- Romania | KosztaKo1988F | Knecht1930 Savesc1961
- Russia
- St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | Danzig1959
- Sweden | Gertss2001 Hoy1963
- Ukraine
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Hoy1963
- United Kingdom | Hoy1963
- Yugoslavia | KosztaKo1988F
Keys
- Hodgso2020: pp.153-154 ( Adult (M) ) [Kermesidae]
- Podsia2014: pp.327 ( Adult (F) First instar Second instar (F) Second instar (M) Third instar (F) ) [Instars]
- Kozarz1992: pp.66 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Kermes]
- Danzig1971d: pp.824 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Kermococcidae] Key as: Kermococcus quercus
- Danzig1964: pp.635 ( Adult (F) ) [Kermococcus species in SSSR] Key as: Kermococcus quercus
- Borchs1960d: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Kermococcus] Key as: Kermococus quercus
Remarks
- Systematics: Fernald (1903b) lists several authors giving the combination Lecanium quercus under her treatment of Kermes roboris. It is uncertain what the intention of this was. Perhaps, they belonged with her treatment of K. quercus and were misplaced. Perhaps the authors in question intended "quercus" to be a junior synonym of "roboris." Second-instar females of K. bytinskii and K. quercus have 5 or 6- segmented antennae, and short, 3-segmented legs; these characters are shared with the second-instar females of the Nearctic K. cockerelli Ehrhorn, K. concinnulus Cockerell and K. rimarum Ferris (Baer & Kosztarab, 1985).
- Structure: Adult female is heart shaped, venter wedge-shaped, bulging. The derm has only a transverse furrow and is a dark brown (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). The observations of serial semithin sections as well as ultrastructural analyses of all the life stages of K. quercus showed that numerous yeast-like microorganisms were present in the cytoplasm of fat body cells in the feeding stages of the host, i.e. in the settled first-instar nymphs, the second-instar female nymphs, the third-instar female nymphs and adult females. Microorganisms were absent in the second-instar male nymphs, which feed only until winter diapause and migrate at the beginning of spring from the bark crevices to the surface, where they develop into prepupae. They were not found in completely non-feeding stages, i.e. in prepupae, pupae and adult males. They were also absent in fully-grown eggs containing young embryos and newly hatched larvae (crawlers). In the feeding stages the yeast-like microorganisms were observed in the fat body cells, but were never found in other organs of the female, such as the ovaries, gut, muscles, nervous system. The presence of these microorganisms in the body of females of K. quercus did not cause any damage to the structure of the ovaries and the course of oogenesis.
- Biology: This species has one generation per year, overwinters as second instars and molts to adult at the end of April or early May in Germany. They mate and start laying eggs from the end of May and the eggs hatch in 2-3 weeks. Ants and bees are commonly associated with this species drawn by the large quantities of honeydew (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Under the climatic conditins of Poland, Kermes quercus (L.) is not a univoltine species. Each generation probably develops over two years. In the first year, individuals overwinter as 1st-instar nymph and in the second year as 2nd-instar nymphs. (Podsiadlo, 2011) In Poland, each life stage of K. quercus appeared every two years and reproduction took place in the June of even-numbered years. (Podsiadlo, 2013)
- General Remarks: Hodgson (2002) used this species in a phylogenetic analysis of non-margarodid Coccoidea. Photograph in Malumphy, et al., 2009) Descriptions, illustrations and keys to the 1st-instar, 2nd-instar male, 2nd-instar female, 3rd-instar female and adult female of K. quercus are discussed in Podsiadlo (2014)
Illustrations
Citations
- Amyot1848: taxonomy, 503
- Andria1960: distribution, host, 17
- Apstei1915: taxonomy, 160
- Bagani1977: distribution, host, 82
- Balach1937c: distribution, host, 4
- Balach1950c: distribution, 343, 345
- Balach1950d: distribution, 741, 746-747
- Balach1953f: distribution, taxonomy, 182, 186, 188
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 262
- Bodenh1931: taxonomy, 243, 244
- BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 16
- Bolu2012: biological control, 110
- BoratyWi1964: distribution, 91
- Borchs1934: distribution, host, 20
- Borchs1936: distribution, host, 119
- Borchs1937: illustration, taxonomy, 64
- Borchs1937a: host, 174, 175, 180, 182, 188
- Borchs1948e: distribution, taxonomy, 237
- Borchs1949d: taxonomy, 152
- Borchs1950b: taxonomy, 130
- Borchs1950c: taxonomy, 368, 370
- Borchs1950d: taxonomy, 16
- Borchs1953a: taxonomy, 524
- Borchs1955: taxonomy, 860
- Borchs1960d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9, 14, 23, 26, 36, 65-72
- Borchs1963a: distribution, host, 21, 33, 49, 65, 188, 193, 195
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, 194
- Brain1923: taxonomy, 13, 24
- Brozek2006: structure, taxonomy, 255-265
- Buchne1912: taxonomy, 19, 94
- Buchne1921: taxonomy, 225, 227, 230, 235
- Buchne1930: taxonomy, 407-416
- Buchne1965: chemistry, 236
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 304
- BullinKo1985: taxonomy, 10, 11
- Cocker1894t: distribution, 178
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 327
- Cocker1899j: host, taxonomy, 270
- Cocker1901c: taxonomy, 92
- Cocker1929b: taxonomy, 150
- Danzig1959: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 446, 451, 453
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 634
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 824
- Danzig1980b: taxonomy, 237
- Diadec1954: taxonomy, 129
- DoaneVaCh1936: distribution, 383
- Domeni1966: biological control, 37, 43
- Dziedz1977: taxonomy, 59
- Elliot1933: distribution, 142
- FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 75
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 64-65
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 305, 307
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 11
- Forste1973: taxonomy, 118
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 16,25
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 28, 29, 38, 49, 60,
- FusuPo2003: host, 87
- Garcia1921: biological control, host, 399
- Gavalo1928a: distribution, host, 25
- Gavalo1932: host, taxonomy, 140
- Gavalo1932b: taxonomy, 7
- Gavalo1935: taxonomy, 16
- Gertss1997: distribution, host, illustration, 113, 114
- Gertss2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 151
- Gertss2001: distribution, 126
- Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 56
- Gertss2011: distribution, host, 41
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 136
- Giliom1967: taxonomy, 158
- Gogibe1938: distribution, taxonomy, 44
- GonzalHeBu2024: endosymbiont, 2
- Goux1946b: host, taxonomy, 100
- Green1920: distribution, host, 118-119
- Green1922b: description, distribution, host, illustration, 21
- Green1928: description, distribution, host, 10
- Hadzib1956a: distribution, host, 157
- Hadzib1956b: distribution, host, 50
- Hadzib1983: distribution, host, 270
- Hendry1962: taxonomy, 127
- Henrik1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 308
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 133
- Heyden1860: distribution, host, taxonomy, 89-90
- Hodgso2002: phylogeny, taxonomy, 135
- Hodgso2020: key, 153
- Howard1919: biological control, distribution, host, 257, 257
- Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 154-156
- Jaap1914: host, 140
- Jansen2001: distribution, 200
- KalandPf1940: host, 43
- Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 80
- Kaweck1936a: distribution, host, 322
- Kaweck1985: distribution, taxonomy, 33
- King1901g: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 258
- King1902i: taxonomy, 255
- King1914b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 34
- Kiritc1928a: taxonomy, 213
- Kiritc1931: distribution, host, 311
- Kiritc1936: taxonomy, 72
- Kiritc1940: host, taxonomy, 119
- Knecht1930: distribution, host, 235
- Komosi1987: distribution, host, taxonomy, 96, 99, 101, 102
- Komosi1987a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 106, 109, 110, 113
- KondoGu2022: economic importance, 5
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 21
- KosztaKo1978: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 87, 88
- KosztaKo1983: biological control, distribution, 225
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 265-267
- Koteja1974a: structure, 248
- Koteja1974b: distribution, 77
- Koteja1976: structure, 272, 273
- Koteja1980: structure, 74, 79, 80
- Koteja1983a: distribution, taxonomy, 674, 676
- KotejaLi1976: structure, 667
- KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 351-373
- KotejaZa1972: description, illustration, taxonomy, 193-216
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 478
- Kozar1974: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 534
- Kozar1980: taxonomy, 67
- Kozar1985a: host, taxonomy, 312
- KozarDr1998h: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 410-411
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 65
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 60
- KozarKo1982: distribution, host, 204
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, 376
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 56
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72
- KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 93
- KozarPaPa1991: distribution, host, 65
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 84, 98, 114, 134, 150, 171
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 76
- Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 307
- Kozarz1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 66, 67
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, taxonomy, 17
- KozarzVl1981: host, taxonomy, 16, 20, 23
- KozarzVl1982: distribution, host, illustration, 189
- Krasuc1922: distribution, host, 58
- Kunkel1967: taxonomy, 47
- Kunkel1973: taxonomy, 113
- KunkelKl1977: taxonomy, 371, 377
- Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
- Lagows2002: distribution, 244
- LagowsGo2002: economic importance, 365
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- Laing1919: distribution, host, 233
- Lesche2000: biological control, 919
- Lindin1907b: taxonomy, 137
- Lindin1907d: taxonomy, 160
- Lindin1907e: taxonomy, 473
- Lindin1909b: taxonomy, 224
- Lindin1910: taxonomy, 151
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 379
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 285
- Lindin1921a: taxonomy, 9
- Lindin1923: taxonomy, 145, 148, 151
- Lindin1928: taxonomy, 103, 106, 107
- Lindin1931a: taxonomy, 91, 115
- Lindin1932d: taxonomy, 125
- Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 204
- Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 143
- Lindin1934b: taxonomy, 175
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 136
- Lindin1936: taxonomy, 157
- Lindin1937: taxonomy, 197
- Lindin1938: distribution, 6
- Lindin1938b: distribution, host, 27
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 148
- Lindin1943b: distribution, 265
- Lindin1943c: taxonomy, 249
- Lindin1954: taxonomy, 617
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 552
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 369
- Linnae1758: distribution, host, 455
- MalumpOsPy2009: description, distribution, host, 120-127
- Maskel1894: distribution, taxonomy, 93
- MastenSeSi2016: distribution, host, 231-235
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 58
- MoghadTa2010: distribution, 39
- MoghadWa2024: distribution, history, illustration, 10, 12, 16
- Morley1910c: biological control, 110
- Nasono1910: illustration, life history, taxonomy, 47-60
- NastChKl1990: distribution, host, 121
- Newste1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 138, 142-146
- Newste1903a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 57-58
- Nikols1936: taxonomy, 154
- PellizCa1991a: distribution, 193
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 63,68
- PellizPoCo2012: distribution, host, taxonomy, 38
- Perrie1926: description, distribution, 124
- Pflugf1970: chemistry, 397-403
- Pflugf1972: taxonomy, 407, 409, 420
- Piltz1952: distribution, 304
- Plugar1963: distribution, host, 16
- Podsia2011: life history, 279-281
- Podsia2012: description, illustration, structure, 35-42
- Podsia2013: life history, 151-158
- Podsia2014: description, illustration, key, nymph,
- PodsiaMiMi2017: DNA, histology, symbiont, 56-63
- PorcelPe2014: taxonomy, 61
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 70
- Rasina1959: distribution, host, 110, 114
- Rasina1960: distribution, host, 10
- Ratzeb1844: description, distribution, taxonomy, 194
- Ratzeb1848: taxonomy, 191, 217
- Ratzeb1852: taxonomy, 234, 253
- Reh1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 355-6
- Reh1904a: taxonomy, 149
- Reh1933: taxonomy, 111
- Rihar1963: host, taxonomy, 271
- Russel1941: taxonomy, 173
- SaakyaMu1971: taxonomy, 48
- SaakyaMu1972a: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 498-519
- Santas1983: distribution, host, 97, 100
- Savesc1961: life history, 34
- Schimi1935: taxonomy, 216
- Schmid1939: taxonomy, 92
- Schmut1952: taxonomy, 378, 420
- Schmut1959: illustration, taxonomy, 41
- Schmut1972a: biological control, host, 419
- Schmut1980: taxonomy, 50, 53
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 54
- Seabra1941: taxonomy, 7
- Shelde1972: taxonomy, 52, 53, 55
- ShiLi1991: host, 162
- ShiSiWa1995: biological control, distribution, 364, 365
- Signor1875: taxonomy, 553
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 238
- Smith1910: distribution, host, 122
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 467
- Sternl1969: taxonomy, 252
- Sternl1972: taxonomy, 261
- Strese1994: host, taxonomy, 80
- Sugony1958: taxonomy, 316
- Sugony1962: distribution, host, 176
- Sugony1962a: biological control, 755, 759
- Sugony1965: biological control, distribution, 225
- Sulc1906: taxonomy, 1
- Sulc1912: taxonomy, 32
- Szklar1998: host, illustration, physiology, 168, 169, 170, 171
- Szulcz1921: host, 81
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 45
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 133, 152, 153, 156
- TerGri1969a: taxonomy, 83
- Terezn1959b: distribution, host, 447, 448
- Terezn1959c: distribution, host, 795
- Terezn1963: distribution, host, 186
- Terezn1963a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 48
- Terezn1963c: distribution, 1527
- Terezn1966: distribution, host, 27
- Terezn1966b: distribution, host, 680
- Terezn1966c: distribution, host, 963
- Terezn1967a: description, distribution, 475
- Terezn1968b: distribution, 48
- Terezn1968c: distribution, host, 48
- Terezn1970: distribution, illustration, 48
- Terezn1975: illustration, taxonomy, 8, 10, 21, 31, 58, 71, 76, 77
- Terezn1981: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 61, 63, 64, 66-70
- Terezn1982: illustration, taxonomy, 38
- Thiem1938: taxonomy, 247
- TrenchGoTr2008: distribution, host, 137-141
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
- Tsalev1964: illustration, taxonomy, 23-26
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 208
- Tsalev1972: biological control, 82
- Tudor1982: biological control, 88
- Tullgr1906: distribution, host, taxonomy, 93
- Vappul1965: distribution, 151
- VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 64
- VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 581
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 239
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 12,20,39,41
- Wunn1913: taxonomy, 365
- Wunn1919: distribution, host, 10
- Wunn1925: distribution, host, 246
- Wunn1925b: taxonomy, 281
- Wunn1925c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 428, 440, 442, 443
- Wunn1926: host, 42, 48
- Wunn1929a: taxonomy, 370
- Zahrad1977: taxonomy, 121
- ZahradRo1995: distribution, host, 205
- ZakOga1961: biological control, distribution, host, 351, 383, 384
