Valid Names Results

Gossyparia spuria (Modeer, 1778) (Eriococcidae: Gossyparia)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus ulmi; Linnaeus 1758: 455. misidentification (discovered by Willia1985h, 380-382). Notes: The type series has probably been lost (Williams, 1985h).
Coccus spurius Modeer 1778: 43. accepted valid name Notes: Type has probably been lost (Williams, 1985h).
Coccus ulmilanatus Goeze 1778: 345. junior synonym Notes: Kirkaldy (1910: 122) listed this as Gossyparia spurius (Modeer, 1778) and added that he did not know which had priority (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 47).
Coccus lanigera Gmelin 1790: 2221. junior synonym (discovered by Hoy1963, 130).
Lecanium vagabundum Förster 1851: 559. accepted valid name
Coccus gramuntii Planchon 1864: 24-25. Type data: FRANCE:. , , junior synonym (discovered by Herber1924, 3).
Nidularia lanigera (Gmelin, 1790); Targioni-Tozzetti 1868: 727. change of combination
Nidularia gramuntii (Planchon, 1864); Targioni-Tozzetti 1869: 727. change of combination
Gossyparia gramuntii (Planchon, 1864); Signoret 1875b: 23. change of combination
Gossyparia spuria (Modeer, 1778); Cockerell 1899j: 268. change of combination
Nidularia spuria (Modeer, 1778); Lindinger 1933a: 108. change of combination
Eriococcus spurius (Modeer, 1778); Ferris 1955a: 164. change of combination Illustr.
Acanthococcus spurius (Modeer, 1778); Danzig 1980b: 207. change of combination
Gossyparisa spurisa Tang in Tang & Li 1988: 75. misspelling of both genus and species names Illustr.
Ericoccus spurus Hua 2000: 137. misspelling of both genus and species names
Gossyparia spuria (Tang in Tang & Li, 1988); Kozár 2009: 102. revived combination (previously published)
Eriococcus spurious (Modeer, 1778); Shirazi, et al. 2013: 1382. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

cochenille de l'orme MawFoHa2000
European elm scale Blicke1965 Westco1973
imported elm bark louse Cooley1898b
escama de fieltro del olmo GillWaKo2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 7 | Genera: 8

Betulaceae

Alnus | KosztaKo1988F
Alnus alnobetula | KosztaKo1988F | ssp. crispa
Alnus glutinosa | Dziedz1988
Alnus viridis | KozarHuFo1989
Corylus | Kohler1998 KosztaKo1988F

Fagaceae

Quercus | UlgentDo2019

Oleaceae

Fraxinus | KosztaKo1988F

Poaceae

Bromus | Hoy1963
Bromus ramosus | Hoy1963

Salicaceae

Salix | Kohler1998

Santalaceae

Viscum | KosztaKo1988F
Viscum album | UlgentDo2019

Ulmaceae

Ulmus | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
Ulmus americana | Hoy1963
Ulmus crassifolia | NormarOkMo2019
Ulmus glabra | Foldi2002 Hoy1963 Willia1985h | including var. camperdownii (= Ulmus campestris)(= Ulmus montanus including var. pendula)
Ulmus laevis | Hoy1963 Komosi1987 | (= Ulmus effusa)(= Ulmus pedunculata)
Ulmus minor | Moghad2013a Terezn1963a TranfaMa1988 Willia1985h | (= Ulmus angustifolia)(= Ulmus carpinifolia)
Ulmus procera | Moghad2013a Willia1985h
Ulmus pumila | Dreist1994 TangLi1988
Ulmus rubra | Hoy1963 KozarKaKo2013 | (= Ulmus fulva)
Ulmus thomasii | Hoy1963 | (= Ulmus racemosa)

Foes:

Families: 7 | Genera: 13

Anthocoridae

Anthocoris nemorum | KosztaKo1988F

Aphelinidae

Coccobius annulicornis | JaposhKa2018
Coccophagus | KosztaKo1988F
Coccophagus excelsus | JaposhKa2018 KosztaKo1988F
Coccophagus gossypariae | KosztaKo1988F
Coccophagus insidiator | KosztaKo1988F
Coccophagus lycimnia | Tsalev1972

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bipustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
Exochomus nigripennis | RounagDeRa2022
Exochomus quadripustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
Exochomus undulatus | FallahJa2010

Encyrtidae

Coccidoxenoides perminutus | FallahJa2017
Metaphycus delucchii | Viggia1990 | (= Metaphycus gossypariae)
Metaphycus stanleyi | FallahJa2017
Microterys matritensis | KosztaKo1988F KosztaKo1988F | (= Encyrtus feudatarius)
Trichomasthus coeruleus | KosztaKo1988F
Trichomasthus cyanifrons | KosztaKo1988F
Zaomma eriococci | KosztaKo1988F
Zaomma lambinus | JaposhCe2010

Miridae

Pilophorus cinnamopterus | KosztaKo1988F
Pilophorus perplexus | KosztaKo1988F

Pteromalidae

Pachyneuron coccorum | KosztaKo1988F

Trombidiidae

Allothrombium fuliginosum | KosztaKo1988F

Associates:

Families: 2 | Genera: 2

Burkholderiaceae

Burkholderia | MichalSzKa2019

Chlamydiaceae

Chlamydia | SanaeiLiCo2021

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 46

Armenia | GavrilKu2019

Austria | Willia1985h

Azerbaijan | GavrilKu2019

Bulgaria | Hoy1963

Canada

British Columbia | KozarHuFo1989 MawFoHa2000
Ontario | MawFoHa2000
Quebec | MawFoHa2000

China

Beijing (=Peking) | Tang1984b
Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Hua2000

Corsica | Foldi2003 | KozarKaKo2013

Croatia | MastenSi2008

Czech Republic | GillWaKo2022

Czechoslovakia | Willia1985h

Denmark | Gertss2001 Hoy1963

Finland | Gertss2001

France | GavrilKu2019 Willia1985h

Georgia (Republic of) | JaposhGaCh2008

Germany | SchmutHo2016 Willia1985h

Greece | KozarPaPa1991

Hungary | KosztaKo1988F

Iran | Hoy1963 KozarFoZa1996

Iraq | KozarKaKo2013

Italy | Hoy1963

Japan | KosztaKo1988F

Kazakhstan | GavrilKu2019

Latvia | JaposhGaJa2008 Stalaz2021

Lithuania | JaposhGaCh2008

Luxembourg | GertssSc2020

Moldova | KozarKaKo2013

Mongolia | TangLi1988

Morocco | Hoy1963

Netherlands | Hoy1963 Jansen2001

Norway | Gertss2001 Hoy1963

Poland | GavrilKu2019 KosztaKo1988F SimonKa2011 Szulcz1926

Portugal | KozarFr1995

Romania | Hoy1963 Knecht1930 Savesc1961

Russia | Borchs1949 GavrilKu2019 Hoy1963

Caucasus | JaposhGaCh2008
Kaliningrad Oblast | GavrilKu2019
Krasnodar Kray | GavrilKu2019
Kursk Oblast | GavrilKu2019
Stavrapol Oblast | Danzig1985
Volgograd Oblast | GavrilKu2019

Sardinia | Hoy1963

Serbia | GavrilKu2019

Slovenia | KozarKaKo2013

Spain | Hoy1963

Sweden | Gertss2001 Hoy1963

Switzerland | Hoy1963

Turkey | JaposhKa2018 Willia1985h | UlgentDo2019

Ukraine | GavrilKu2019

Kiev Oblast | GavrilKu2019
Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Terezn1967b
Sumy Oblast | GavrilKu2019

United Kingdom | Hoy1963

England | Willia1985h

United States

Alabama | MillerMi1993
Arizona | MillerMi1993
Arkansas | MillerMi1993
California | MillerMi1993
Colorado | MillerMi1993
Connecticut | MillerMi1993
District of Columbia | MillerMi1993
Idaho | MillerMi1993
Illinois | MillerMi1993
Indiana | MillerMi1993
Iowa | MillerMi1993
Kansas | MillerMi1993
Louisiana | MillerMi1993
Maine | MillerMi1993
Maryland | MillerMi1993
Massachusetts | MillerMi1993
Michigan | MillerMi1993
Missouri | MillerMi1993
Montana | MillerMi1993
Nevada | MillerMi1993
New Hampshire | MillerMi1993
New Jersey | MillerMi1993
New Mexico | MillerMi1993
New York | MillerMi1993
Ohio | MillerMi1993
Oregon | MillerMi1993 SchuhMo1948
Pennsylvania | MillerMi1993
Rhode Island | MillerMi1993
Tennessee | MillerMi1993
Texas | MillerMi1993
Utah | MillerMi1993
Vermont | MillerMi1993
Virginia | MillerMi1993
Washington | MillerMi1993
West Virginia | MillerMi1993
Wisconsin | MillerMi1993
Wyoming | MillerMi1993

Uzbekistan

Tashkent Oblast | Cocker1927

Yugoslavia | KosztaKo1988F

Keys

GavrilKu2019: pp.223 ( Adult (F) ) [Eriococcidae on Salix]
KozarKaKo2013: pp.262 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Gossyparia] Key as: Gossyparia spuria
TangHa1995: pp.501 ( Adult (F) ) [Gossyparia species]
Willia1985h: pp.357 ( Adult (F) ) [British species of Eriococcus] Key as: Eriococcus spurius
Danzig1971d: pp.821 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Eriococcidae] Key as: Gossyparia spuria
Afifi1968: pp.203 ( Adult (F) ) [] Key as: Eriococcus spurius
Danzig1964: pp.632 ( Adult (F) ) [Gossyparia species of the USSR]
McDani1964: pp.103 ( Adult (F) ) [Eriococcus species of Texas] Key as: Eriococcus spurius
Ferris1955a: pp.95 ( Adult (F) ) [North American species of Eriococcus] Key as: Eriococcus spurius

Remarks

Systematics: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae cylindrical, sides straight, apices rounded or acute, 2 sizes of setae, larger size present near body margin, other setae slightly smaller, abundant over dorsal surface, several setae on dorsum of segment 8 anterior of anal ring; macrotubular ducts absent from dorsomedial area of body; anal lobes heavily sclerotized, with teeth on medial margin; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 2 sclerotized areas, orifice bifurcate (Miller & Miller, 1993).
Structure: Newly molted females brown to greenish-brown, gray, or reddish brown at maturity. Adult females oval. The ovisac is thick, ovoid, compact, panlike, grayish white and leaves the dorsum exposed. First instar yellow, second instar reddish-brown (Miller & Miller, 1993).
Biology: The species is bisexual or rarely parthenogenetic reproduction, one yearly generation. Second instars overwinter. Adults appear at the end of April or beginning of May. Females lay 117-416 eggs starting in June which hatch from the end of July on (Miller & Miller, 1993). The time between laying and hatching of eggs varies, Herbert (1924) reports eggs that hatched in less than one hour after being laid.
Economic Importance: This is a serious pest of ornamental elms and can cause stunting of new growth, die back of branches, premature leaf drop and in the case of small trees, death (Miller & Miller, 1993). A number of lady bird beetles and a green lacewing also are predators in North America (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). This species has also been found occupying the egg nests of brood X of the 17 year periodical cicada (Magicicada) of 1987 (Russell & Stoetzel, 1991).
General Remarks: Williams (1985h) provides details on the synonomy of this species as follows " Linnaeus (1758) cited Réaumur (1738) but unfortunately referred to two distinct species that Réaumur had figured and described. The first refers to pl. 5, figs 5, 6 and this is undoubtedly an armoured scale insect discussed on p. 78 as found on a branch of elm. This species is accepted at present as Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.). The second species referred to by Linnaeus is illustrated on pl. 7, figs 1-10 and discussed by Réaumur on p. 119 as found on a branch of elm. There is no doubt from Réaumur's illustrations that this is the species under discussion here. Linnaeus (1766) realizing his mistake in 1758, listed C. ulmi but referred to Linnaeus (1761) where only the name is mentioned and to Geoffroy (1762) (a work not consistently binomial but nevertheless vital) who, apart from giving a short description, refers to the second of Réaumur's species mentioned by Linnaeus (1758). Clearly the listing by Linnaeus (1766) is based on a misidentification of the species listed by Linnaeus (1758). All subsequent references to `ulmi' the eriococcid, from Fabricius to the present day must refer to `sensu Linnaeus, 1766'. Modeer (1778) described Coccus spurius and referred to the excellent illustrations of Réaumur (1738: pl. 7, figs 1-10). Modeer's name is accepted by all modern workers (Williams, 1985h)." Miller & Miller (1993) give a detailed description and illustration and also deal with the phylogeny of this species and in a subsequent paper (1993a). Williams (1985h) also gives detailed descriptions and illustrations. Because this species is frequently cited in economic literature we have not attempted to include all citations.

Illustrations

Citations

AAEE1925: taxonomy, 525, 539
AAEE1931: taxonomy, 1280, 1300
AAEE1937: taxonomy, 532, 551
Afifi1968: description, illustration, 182-189
Amos1933: distribution, host, taxonomy, 205
Amyot1848: taxonomy, 495
Andria1960: taxonomy, 17
Apstei1915: taxonomy, 159
Archan1937: illustration, taxonomy, 29, 139-140
Arnett1985: distribution, taxonomy, 239
Atanas1959: distribution, taxonomy, 426
BTRL1940: distribution, 16
Baker1972: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 98-99
Balach1935b: distribution, 265
Balach1935c: distribution, 6
Balach1937c: distribution, taxonomy, 340
BalasSa1982: distribution, host, life history, 399
Balduf1939: biological control, distribution, 284
BarbagBiBo1995: distribution, 43
Barbey1925: taxonomy, 606
Bartle1978b: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 130-131
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 253
Beccar1959: distribution, host, 76
Bethun1911: chemical control, distribution, host,
Bielen1974: distribution, host, 118, 158
BielenWe1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, 369-379
BielenWe1990a: behavior, chemistry, structure, 55-56
BielenWe1992: physiology, 417-426
Blackm1916: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 102-107
Blair1937: host, 11
Blicke1965: taxonomy, 292, 309
Bodenh1935: taxonomy, 271
Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 93, 99
Bodenh1953a: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 117
BognarVi1979: distribution, host, illustration, 15
BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 91
Borchs1936: distribution, host, 111
Borchs1937: distribution, 61
Borchs1937a: taxonomy, 175, 178
Borchs1948: taxonomy, 501
Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 47-50, 52-53, 330-1
Borchs1950b: distribution, host, 116
Borchs1950c: distribution, host, 368, 372
Borchs1958b: illustration, taxonomy, 773
Borchs1963a: distribution, host, 22, 65, 128, 219
Borchs1973: distribution, host, 220
BoyceKaPe1939: chemical control, 440, 449
Boyd1946: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 102-103
Branig1914: distribution, 296
Breake1927: chemical control, distribution, host, 16-17
Britti1935: distribution, 63-70
Britto1905: distribution, illustration, 5
Britto1914: biological control, distribution, 18
Britto1919: taxonomy, 255
Britto1920: distribution, 63
Britto1920a: taxonomy, 119
Britto1920b: taxonomy, 140
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 349-350
Britto1924a: taxonomy, 242
Britto1924b: taxonomy, 169
Britto1926: distribution, 237
Britto1928: taxonomy, 206
Britto1931: distribution, 468
Britto1932: distribution, 506
Britto1933: distribution, 374
Britto1933a: description, 106-107
Britto1937: distribution, host, 299
Britto1938: taxonomy, 142
Britto1939: distribution, host, 11
BrittoFr1935: taxonomy, 294
BrittoZa1927: distribution, 182
BrittoZa1927a: description, distribution, illustration, life history, 142, 153
BrittoZa1928: distribution, 212
BrittoZa1930: taxonomy, 504
Brown1942: distribution, host, 21
Brown1959SW: physiology, 291
BruesMeCa1954: distribution, host, 167
Buchne1930: behavior, 436
Buchne1965: ecology, 253
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 302
Burke1930: taxonomy, 784
Burke1932: chemical control, distribution, 363
CCNI1989: taxonomy, 158
Carnes1907: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 170-172
CebeciKu2005: distribution, host, 97-102
Chambe1926: taxonomy, 62
Chambe1931: taxonomy, 29
Chambe1933: taxonomy, 96
Chambe1935: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 113-114
ChambeTh1940: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 43-45
Chumak1961: taxonomy, 335
CiftciBo2021: distribution, host, 242
Clause1931: distribution, host, 83
Clause1940: life history, 158
Clevel1931: chemical control, distribution, host, 349-355
Cocker1894: taxonomy, 31
Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 324
Cocker1897j: distribution, host, 5
Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 268
Cocker1927: distribution, 836
CockerRo1915: distribution, host, taxonomy, 106
CookGu2004: taxonomy, 444
Cooley1898b: distribution, 62
Danzig1964: taxonomy, 632
Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 821
Danzig1980b: taxonomy, 207
Davids1974: chemical control, distribution, host, 3
Davis1929: distribution, host, 310
Davis1934: distribution, host, 199
Davis1935: distribution, 204
Davis1936: distribution, 265
Davis1937: distribution, 237
Davis1940: distribution, host, 23
Davis1946: chemical control, distribution, 151
DeMarzRoTr1990: structure, 43
DeayUl1948: chemical control, host, 506
DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, taxonomy, 221-222
Dimitr1935: taxonomy, 237
Doane1931: description, distribution, illustration, 265
DodgeRi1943: host, illustration, 590, 593
Doten1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5-34
Doten1910: distribution, host, 27
Doten1912: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 89-100
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 117
Drake1934: distribution, host, 72
Drake1935: taxonomy, 84, 86
DrakeGu1931: distribution, host, 27
Dreist1994: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 240-252
Dziedz1961: biological control, host, illustration, taxonomy, 203-219
Dziedz1967: distribution, host, 17, 19
Dziedz1970: distribution, host, 25
Dziedz1977: structure, 59
Dziedz1988: host, taxonomy, 94
Englis1976: distribution, host, life history, 25, 26
ErkiliKaKo2011: distribution, 15
Essig1915a: distribution, host, 119
Essig1926: taxonomy, 274
Essig1931: distribution, host, 126, 379, 896, 908
Esson1994: distribution, illustration, 768
Eysell1979: distribution, host, life history, 122
FallahJa2010: host, natural enemies, 304
FallahJa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 10, 21, 34
Felt1901: distribution, host, taxonomy, 294, 355
Felt1923: distribution, 63
Felt1924: taxonomy, 147, 161
Felt1929: host, 48
FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 194
FeltRa1932: distribution, host, 218-219
Ferris1920b: taxonomy, 23
Ferris1955a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 164
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 296
Flachs1931: taxonomy, 20, 198, 449, 462
Flint1937: taxonomy, 258
FlintFa1940: chemical control, distribution, illustration, life history, 17-18
Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 305, 307
Foldi2002: distribution, 245
Foldi2003: distribution, 150
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
Fracke1924: distribution, host, 97
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 16,25
French1942: distribution, 9
Frogga1921a: taxonomy, 69
Fulmek1943: catalog, taxonomy, 33, 34
Gahan1927: biological control, distribution, 24
Gavalo1928a: host, taxonomy, 19
Gavalo1932: host, taxonomy, 134, 152
Gavril2018: reproduction, 228
GavrilKu2019: description, distribution, host, key, 206, 210
Gertss2001: distribution, 126
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 136
Gill1982a: distribution, host, 6
Gill1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 170
GillWaKo2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 401-402
GilletLi1917: distribution, taxonomy, 11
GilletLi1918: chemical control, distribution, taxonomy, 6, 7, 12, 29
GilletLi1920: distribution, taxonomy, 15
GilletLi1921: distribution, taxonomy, 10, 23
GilletLi1922: distribution, 14
GilletLi1923: host, 14
Glenn1931: taxonomy, 180
Glenn1934: distribution, 729
Gmelin1790: taxonomy, 2221
GomezM1937: distribution, host, 357-360
GomezM1946: distribution, host, 103
GomezM1958a: distribution, host, 8
GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 201
Goot1912: distribution, host, 289
GordonHi1990: biological control, 287
Goux1931: distribution, host, 331
Goux1943b: distribution, life history, 128
Graham1929: biological control, description, distribution, illustration, life history, 271-274
Green1916: distribution, host, 28
Green1917a: distribution, host, 260-261
Green1920: distribution, host, 118
Green1922b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20
Green1928: description, host, taxonomy, 9
Griswo1927: biological control, 553-555
GwiazdVaDe2006: phylogenetics, 16
Hadzib1941: distribution, host, 183
Hadzib1950: distribution, host, 256
Hadzib1983: distribution, host, 87, 88, 269
HadzibGe1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 269
Hamilt1936: host, 155
Harris1954: distribution, host, 142
Hartma1916: distribution, host, 94
Headle1927: distribution, 113
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 84
Henrik1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 312
Herber1919a: taxonomy, 335
Herber1920a: chemical control, 471-475
Herber1924: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-19
Herber1938: taxonomy, 64
Herric1920: taxonomy, 143
Herric1935: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 96-97
HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, host, 132
Hewitt1915: distribution, host, 868
Hodgso2020: key, male, 43
HodgsoHa2013: phylogeny, taxonomy, 797
HodsonLo1960: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 4
Hollin1917a: distribution, host, illustration, 270
Hollis1920: distribution, host, 144
Hoppin1937: distribution, host, 46
Houser1908: description, distribution, host, 177
Houser1917: chemical control, distribution, host, 43
Houser1918a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 303-305
Howard1889: distribution, host, 34-41
HowellWi1976: distribution, host, 189
Hoy1962: taxonomy, 22
Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 128-132
Hua2000: distribution, host, 137
Hughes1931: physiology, 757
Hughes1944: taxonomy, 174
Hughes1948: distribution, host, illustration, 130, 139, 182
Hunger1944: distribution, 54
HungerDe1929: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 3-8
Hutchi1926: taxonomy, 117
Ibraim1962: taxonomy, 8
Jaap1914: taxonomy, 137
Jansen2001: distribution, 200
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 28
JaposhCe2010: distribution, 134
JaposhGaCh2008: biological control, ecology, 169-170
JaposhKa2018: natural enemies,
Jarvis1911: distribution, host, 69
Johnso1982: description, economic importance, illustration, life history, 114, 116, 122
JohnsoLy1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 322-323
JohnsoLy1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 368-369
Jorgen1934: distribution, host, 275
KalandPf1940: taxonomy, 43
Kaston1938: distribution, 236
Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 2
Kawai1980: taxonomy, 128
Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 75
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 90-106
King1899a: distribution, host, 109
King1902b: distribution, taxonomy, 59
Kiritc1928: distribution, host, 113
Kiritc1931: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 311
Kiritc1940: taxonomy, 136
Kiriuk1947a: distribution, host, 9
Kirkal1910: taxonomy, 122
Knecht1930: distribution, 233
KnightHe1980: distribution, host, 281-282
Knowlt1932: distribution, host, 80
Knutso1955: distribution, 11
KnutsoBr1957: distribution, 11
Kohler1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 388
Komosi1986: distribution, 4, 11
Komosi1987: distribution, host, 96, 100, 101
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 20
Koszta1959: biological control, distribution, host, 402
Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 256-258
KosztaKo1978: host, illustration, taxonomy, 65, 66, 77
KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 289-291
Koteja1974: taxonomy, 296
Koteja1974a: taxonomy, 248
Koteja1974b: structure, 76, 152
Koteja1980: structure, 74, 83
Koteja1980b: taxonomy, 593
Koteja1981: distribution, host, 368
Koteja1983a: distribution, host, 675
Koteja1988d: taxonomy, 534
KotejaLiLu1976: structure, taxonomy, 666
KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 354
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 476
Kotins1921: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 82-83
Kozar1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 65, 67
Kozar1981: taxonomy, 512
Kozar1983a: host, taxonomy, 142
Kozar1991: taxonomy, 81
Kozar2009: distribution, taxonomy, 102
KozarDr1991: distribution, host, 362
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 64
KozarFr1995: distribution, host, 70
KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 154
KozarHuFo1989: distribution, host, 73
KozarKaKo2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy, 30,31,35, 265-268
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 60
KozarKo1982: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 204, 210
KozarKo2002b: distribution, 375
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 56
KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 71
KozarOs1987: distribution, host, taxonomy, 92
KozarPaPa1991: distribution, host, 64
KozarSaSz2009: distribution, 436
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 97, 113, 132, 149, 169, 200
KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, taxonomy, 130
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 74
Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 307
KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 7, 17
KozarzVl1981: distribution, host, 16, 21, 23
KozarzVl1982: distribution, host, 189
Krasuc1922: distribution, host, 55, 56
Kruger1899: taxonomy, 128
Kunkel1967: ecology, 47
Kuwana1902: distribution, host, 52
Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 183
Kuwana1907b: distribution, host, 213
Kuwana1917a: distribution, 167
Kuwana1927a: taxonomy, 111-113
Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
Lagows2002: distribution, 243
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
LangfoCo1939: distribution, life history, 39
Leonar1901a: distribution, host, 416-420
Leonar1907b: distribution, host, 165
Leonar1918: distribution, host, 215
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 465-469
Lichte1882: taxonomy, 404
Lichte1882b: distribution, host, 250
Lichte1882f: distribution, host, 329
Lindbl1938: taxonomy, 18
Lindin1907b: distribution, taxonomy, 2
Lindin1907d: distribution, taxonomy, 159
Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 223
Lindin1910: taxonomy, 151
Lindin1911: taxonomy, 358
Lindin1912b: host, taxonomy, 331
Lindin1914: taxonomy, 245
Lindin1921: distribution, host, 433
Lindin1923: taxonomy, 141, 146, 152
Lindin1928: distribution, host, taxonomy, 103
Lindin1930: distribution, host, 102
Lindin1931: distribution, host, 121
Lindin1931a: taxonomy, 43, 115
Lindin1932: taxonomy, 27
Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 108
Lindin1934b: taxonomy, 175
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 135
Lindin1937: taxonomy, 190
Lindin1938: distribution, taxonomy, 5
Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 147
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 549
Lindin1958: taxonomy, 368
Linnae1758: host, taxonomy, 455
Linnae1767: taxonomy, 740
Lintne1896: distribution, host, 60
List1920: distribution, host, life history, 3
ListHo1924: distribution, host, 28
ListPa1947: chemical control, 183
Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 78-79
Lockwo1934: distribution, 210
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 121
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 148
Lord1922: host, 48
Low1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 6-7
Lozovo1948: taxonomy, 254
Luck1981: biological control, distribution, host, 149
Lyle1947: distribution, 4
MacGil1921: distribution, host, 145
Mackie1930: chemical control, distribution, host, illustration, 548-549
Mackie1930a: taxonomy, 848
Mackie1933: chemical control, 463
Mackie1934: taxonomy, 403
Mackie1935: chemical control, 410
Mackie1936: chemical control, 467
Mahdih1926: distribution, host, 4-5
MalumpOsPy2009: description, distribution, host, 120-127
Maranh1945: taxonomy, 183
Marcha1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 257-259
Martin1985: distribution, host, 93
MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
MawFoHa2000: distribution, 45
McDani1930: distribution, host, 11
McDani1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 103, 105
MichalBaSz2023: symbiont,
MichenCaBe1957: chemical control, distribution, host, 6
Middle1931: distribution, 52
Miller1985b: biological control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 103
Miller1991b: economic importance, 101
Miller2005: distribution, 491
MillerGi2000: biological control, catalog, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 341-350
MillerMi1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 72-74
MillerMi1993a: taxonomy, 247, 249
MillerMi1993b: taxonomy, 29, 31
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
Misra1931: physiology, 303
Misra1931a: physiology, 311
Misra1931b: physiology, 1373
Modeer1778: description, taxonomy, 43
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 57
Moghad2018b: distribution, 519
MoghadTa2010: distribution, 39
MooreGl1935: distribution, 82
MooreSe1936: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 85-86
Morris1919b: biological control, 259
NanDeWu2013: phylogenetics, 173-174
NastChKl1990: distribution, taxonomy, 120
Neiswa1966: description, distribution, host, illustration, 3
Newell1921: distribution, host, 56
NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 226, 227
Nitsch1895: taxonomy, 1249
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, 10
NormarOkMo2019: phylogeny, 36
NoyesHa1994: biological control, 407
Nur1962: distribution, host, 182
Nur1967a: chemistry, distribution, life history, 151-163
Nur1970: taxonomy, 58
Nur1972: taxonomy, 243
Nur1980: taxonomy, 105
Ossian1951: distribution, taxonomy, 4
OuvrarKo2009: structure, 130
OuvrarKo2009: host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy, 102-118
Panis1981: distribution, host, 6
Paoli1915: distribution, 241
Parks1936: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 21-22
Peck1963: biological control, 934
Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 59,71
PellizKo2011: distribution, 66
Perrie1926: description, distribution, taxonomy, 122
Pettit1928: chemical control, distribution, 192
Pierce1917: distribution, 96
Pierce1930: taxonomy, 30
Pierre1928: distribution, host, 7
Pirone1941: chemical control, distribution, 231
Planch1864: taxonomy, 24
PooleGe1997: distribution, 355
Rasina1955: distribution, host, 69
Rasina1960: host, 10
Reh1900d: list, taxonomy, 304
Reyne1954b: taxonomy, 235
Reyne1961: taxonomy, 138
Richmo1938: distribution, 31
Riley1894: host, life history, 71
RileyHo1892a: distribution, host, 51
RipkaReKo1996: distribution, host, 9
RossPeSh2010: physiology, 6
RossemBuBu1974: distribution, host, 12
RounagDeRa2022: natural enemies,
RusselSt1991: biological control, host, illustration, 482, 483, 485
SED1949: distribution, host, 17
SOC1931: chemical control, description, host, 19-20
Sadof1992: description, host, life history, 5
SanaeiLiCo2021: endosymbiont, 2
Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28, 38
Savesc1961: life history, 35
SchildSc1928: biological control, distribution, 247, 256, 269
Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 416
Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 19
Schmut1955: host, taxonomy, 159
Schmut1959: illustration, 42
Schmut1974: host, taxonomy, 49
Schmut1980: distribution, host, 50, 53
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 50, 88
Schrad1929: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 149-179
Schrea1955: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 14-15
Schrea1970: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 15-17
Schude1975: chemical control, illustration, 4, 5
Schude1979: distribution, host, 1
SchuhMo1948: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 35-36
Schuma1919a: taxonomy, 305
Sheaff1930: chemical control, host, 16
ShenefBe1955: description, host, life history, 98
ShirazVaMi2013: distribution, host, 1382
ShullFi1940: chemical control, distribution, host, 22, 72
Signor1875b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
Silves1939: distribution, host, taxonomy, 684-686
SimonKa2011: distribution, 237
Sleesm1945: distribution, host, 44, 45
Smith1942RC: distribution, 217
SmithDe1950: chemical control, distribution, 13
SmithFl1949: biological control, 995
Soraci1937: chemical control, description, illustration, life history, 8, 9
Spackm1980: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-2
Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 466
Storka1925: distribution, taxonomy, 71
Sulliv1930: distribution, 56
Suomi1990: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 14
SwaineHu1926: description, distribution, host, 50-51
SwanPa1972: distribution, host, 159
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 467
Szklar1998: host, illustration, physiology, 168, 169, 170, 171
Szulcz1921: distribution, host, 79
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137-138
Tamaki1969: distribution, host, physiology, 87
TamakiYuKa1969: physiology, 126-134
Tang1984b: distribution, host, 125
TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 501, 502-503
TangLi1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 75-76
Targio1868: taxonomy, 727
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 44
TerGri1954: distribution, host, 61
TerGri1962: distribution, host, 130, 131, 152, 154
TerGri1969a: distribution, host, 5, 17, 78
TerGri1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 877
Terezn1959b: distribution, 447
Terezn1959c: taxonomy, 795
Terezn1959d: taxonomy, 93
Terezn1963: distribution, host, 186
Terezn1963a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 47
Terezn1963b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 153
Terezn1966: distribution, 25
Terezn1966a: taxonomy, 543
Terezn1966b: distribution, host, 680
Terezn1966c: distribution, host, 963
Terezn1967a: distribution, 474, 475, 476
Terezn1967b: behavior, ecology, life history, 561
Terezn1968b: distribution, host, 49
Terezn1975: taxonomy, 29
Terezn1981: taxonomy, 50
Terezn1982: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 37
ThaoBaHe2003: taxonomy, 46
Thomps1962: chemical control, 142
Thomps1963: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, 1-7
Tragar1939: taxonomy, 401
TranfaMa1988: host, taxonomy, 609
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
Trimbl1925: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4
Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 43
Trimbl1929: chemical control, description, distribution, host, 2
Trjapi1964: taxonomy, 1459
Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 207
Tsalev1972: biological control, 81
Tschor1939: distribution, host, 89
Tudor1982: biological control, host, 89
Twinn1934: distribution, host, 77
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 485
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host,
Vandel1931: taxonomy, 226
Viggia1990: biological control, distribution, 281-285
Viggia1990c: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 139-142
Viggia1998: biological control, distribution, 39
ViggiaRo1995: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, 82-84
Walczu1932: taxonomy, 625
Wallac1925: chemical control, distribution, 37
Wallac1931: chemical control, distribution, 50
WebsteBu1902: distribution, host, 109
Weiss1915: distribution, host, 165
Wells1926: distribution, life history, 257
Welsch1937: distribution, host, 482
Westco1973: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 399
Willia1977aML: distribution, host, 13
Willia1985h: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 357, 380-382
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 238
WilliaBe2009: catalog, 24,28,44,46
Woodha1937: distribution, host, 60
Wunn1925: distribution, host, 123
Wunn1925b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 281, 285
Wunn1925c: distribution, host, 440
Wunn1926: distribution, host, 43, 48
Yasnos1978: biological control, 491
YasnosBo1974: taxonomy, 35
YeagerKn1933: taxonomy, 592
Yetter1926: distribution, 11
YotherAcHa1926: chemical control, 410
Zahrad1959a: host, taxonomy, 540
Zahrad1972: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 402-403
Zahrad1977: taxonomy, 121
ZahradRo1995: distribution, 205
ZakOga1958: taxonomy, 144
ZakOga1961: distribution, host, 359, 361, 370, 383
ZakOgaKo1964: distribution, host, 420