Valid Names Results

Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger, 1936 (Cryptococcidae: Cryptococcus)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus fagi Baerensprung 1849: 174. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin. Syntypes, female, junior homonym (discovered by Lindin1936b, 444). Replacement name for Coccus fagi Sulzer 1776 Notes: Type material has probably been lost (Williams, 1985h).
Coccus fagi Walker 1852: 1086. Type data: ENGLAND. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1985h,353-356). synonym and homonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 444). Notes: Coccus fagi Walker is a junior homonym of Coccus fagi Sulzer 1776 and Coccus fagi Baerensprung 1849.
Pseudococcus fagi (Baerensprung, 1849); Douglas 1886c: 152. change of combination
Cryptococcus fagi (Baerensprung, 1849); Douglas 1890a: 155. change of combination
Eriococcus fagi (Baerensprung, 1849); Perrier 1926: 122. change of combination
Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger 1936b: 444. replacement name Replacement name for Coccus fagi Baerensprung 1849
Kermes fagi (Baerensprung, 1849); Lindinger 1957: 549. change of combination Notes: Lindinger (1957) meant to reiterate the placement of fagi in Cryptococcus and he cites Guérin (1818) as the creator of the Kermes fagi combination. The date of this is probably wrong, and no publication by Guérin mentioning the combination can be found. Therefore, at least for the time being, this combination will be listed as by Lindinger (1957) even though it is not what he intended.

Common Names

beech bark scale MalumpBa2012
beech coccus KozarDr1998e
beech eriococcin MillerMi1993
beech scale Westco1973
felted beech coccus Collin1908
beukewolluis Pelliz2022
boekeull-lus Pelliz2022
buchenwollschildlaus Pelliz2022
cocciniglia del faggio Pelliz2022
cochenille des écorces Pelliz2022
cochinilla del haya Pelliz2022
буковый войлочник Pelliz2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 2 | Genera: 2

Fagaceae

Fagus grandifolia | Hoy1963
Fagus orientalis | Hoy1963 Moghad2013a
Fagus sylvatica | Hoy1963

Pinaceae

Pinus sylvestris | KosztaKo1988F

Foes:

Families: 6 | Genera: 8

Acaridae

Thyreophagus entomophagus | KosztaKo1988F | (= Histiogaster entomophagus)

Chrysopidae

Chrysopidia ciliata | KosztaKo1988F
Pseudomallada ventralis | KosztaKo1988F

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus | KosztaKo1988F
Chilocorus bipustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
Chilocorus renipustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
Chilocorus stigma | KosztaKo1988F
Exochomus | KosztaKo1988F
Exochomus quadripustulatus | KosztaKo1988F

Latridiidae

Latridius minutus | KosztaKo1988F | (= Enicmus minutus)

Microphysidae

Loricula pselaphiformis | KosztaKo1988F | (= Microphysa pselaphiformis)

Psychidae

Psyche casta | KosztaKo1988F

Associates:

Families: 2 | Genera: 2

Nectriaceae

Nectria | GwiazdVaDe2006
Nectria coccinea var. fasciata | GertssSc2020

Nestriaceae

Neonectria galligena | GertssSc2020

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 31

Armenia | Hoy1963

Austria | Hoy1963

Belgium | Hoy1963

Bulgaria | KosztaKo1988F Tsalev1968

Canada | Hoy1963

New Brunswick | Ehrlic1932
Nova Scotia | Koszta1996
Ontario | MawFoHa2000
Prince Edward Island | Ehrlic1932

Corsica | Covass1975

Croatia | MastenSi2008

Czech Republic | Pelliz2022

Czechoslovakia | Hoy1963

Denmark | Gertss2001 Hoy1963

France | Foldi2001 Hoy1963

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hoy1963

Germany | Hoy1963 SchmutHo2016

Hungary | KosztaKo1988F

Iran | KozarFoZa1996

Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013

Italy | Covass1975 KosztaKo1988F

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995

Luxembourg | Gertso2016

Netherlands | Hoy1963 Jansen2001

Norway | EndresGe2021

Poland | Hoy1963 SimonKa2011

Romania | Hoy1963 Teodor2018

Russia | Hoy1963

Stavrapol Oblast | Danzig1985

Slovenia | KozarKaKo2013

Sweden | Gertss2001 Hoy1963

Switzerland | Hoy1963

Turkey | Hoy1963

Ukraine

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Mateso1958
Zakarpat'ye (=Transcarpathia) Oblast | Terezn1959

United Kingdom | Hoy1963 MalumpBa2012

Channel Islands | Hoy1963
England | Parker1974
Northern Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013

United States

Connecticut | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
Maine | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
Massachusetts | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
Michigan | WieferMcHa2011
New Hampshire | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
New Jersey | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
New York | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
North Carolina | Pelliz2022
Ohio | SinclaLyJo1987
Pennsylvania | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
Rhode Island | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
Tennessee | Koszta1996
Vermont | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
Virginia | Koszta1996
West Virginia | Stimme1993

Yugoslavia | KosztaKo1988F

Keys

KozarKaKo2013: pp.596 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Cryptococcus]
Koszta1996: pp.262 ( Adult (F) ) [Cryptococcus species of Northeastern North America]
TangHa1995: pp.427, 641 ( Adult (F) ) [Cryptococcus species]
MillerMi1993: pp.68 ( Adult (F) ) [Adult female of Cryptococcus]
Terezn1982: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [Cryptococcus species] Key as: Cryptococcus fagi
Danzig1971d: pp.824 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Eriococcidae]
KosztaHa1968: pp.11 ( Adult (F) ) [Adult females of Cryptococcus]
Danzig1964: pp.635 ( Adult (F) ) [Cryptococcus species of the USSR]
Borchs1949: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [USSR species of Cryptococcus]

Remarks

Systematics: This species was first described as Coccus fagi Baerensprung (1849). The next description was as Coccus fagi Walker (1852). C. fagi Baerensprung is the junior primary homonym of C. fagi Sulzer (1776). C. fagi Walker is a synonym of C. fagi Baerensprung and a junior primary homonym of C. fagi Sulzer. The next three names Pseudococcus fagi Douglas (1886c), Cryptococcus fagi Douglas (1890) and Eriococcus fagi Perrier (1926) are change of combinations. The last and final change is to Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger (1936) who realized the homonymy of the species (Miller & Miller, 1993). C. fagisuga is part of a clade that includes one other Palearctic species (P. fraxini), one Nearctic species (C. williamsi), and two species endemic to New Zealand (C. nudatus and M. totarae). Since this clade is nested within a larger "Gondwanan" clade consisting of species from Australia and New Zealand, it appears to have originated in New Zealand and to have somehow spread to the North Temperate Zone at an ancient date. (Gwiazdowski et al., 2006)
Structure: Adult female body is nearly hemispherical, bright yellow and covered with a filamentous white sac (Miller & Miller, 1993). Slide-mounted adult female with: antennae 1- to 3-segmented; anal ring with 4 setae; 6 or 8 setae surrounding anal ring (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988; Miller & Miller, 1993); anal ring with small pores; multiloculars absent from dorsum; macrotubular ducts of 2 sizes (Miller & Miller, 1993).
Biology: The general pattern of life cycle is as follows. Yellow eggs are laid in the spring or early summer within the ovisac. Eggs hatch in late summer and early fall. Crawlers are quite mobile and may move some distance before settling on the bark. The first instar is usually the overwintering stage. During the winter, yellow first instar nymphs change in body form from oval to rotund. Molting occurs during the spring and the short lived apodous second instar is produced. Adult females occur throughout the spring and summer. Males have never been collected (Miller & Miller, 1993). In adult females of C. fagisuga having restricted access of oxygen to apiracles the spiracles are located in deep cavities of scleotised walls which probably contain airr reserves. (Podsiadlo, 2006)
Economic Importance: This scale, together with a fungus, can cause extensive damage to the native beech trees in the northeastern United States (Miller & Miller, 1993). Van Driesche & Japoshvili (2012) found that scale densities were 45.4-fold higher per unit area of bark in Massachusetts on F. grandifolia than in their native range in the country of Georgia on F. orientalis. Also, F. orientalis trees at sample sites in Georgia were 2.9-fold larger in DBH and much healthier that were F. grandifolia trees in Massachusetts. The good condition of beech that were observed during a natural enemy surveys in Georgia might reflect high tree resistance to beech scale in invaded areas. Silvicultural preservation and expansion of the fraction of the American beech population possessing natural resistance to beech bark disease seems to be a more promising tool for restoration of American beech in forest stands than biological control. (Japoshvili, et al., 2015)
General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Miller & Miller (1993). Description of first and second instars and adult female by Williams (1985h). Discussion of population dynamics relating to physiological defense reactions of attacked trees by Gora et al. (1996). Detailed description and illustration of first-instar nymph and second-instar female in Miller & Stocks, 2022.
Although Sinclair et al. (1987) state that Cryptococcus fagisuga was found in Ohio, they give no reference and the species has not been recorded in Ohio by any other author known to us. We suspect that the Ohio record is erroneous.

Illustrations

MillerSt2022

Citations

AAEE1930: taxonomy, 639
Apstei1915: taxonomy, 158
Arnett1985: distribution, taxonomy, 239
Baeren1849: description, 174
Baker1972: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 97-98
Balach1937c: distribution, taxonomy, 6
BarbagBiBo1995: distribution, 43
BarethVa1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, 209-221
Blicke1965: taxonomy, 289, 306
Bodenh1935: taxonomy, 271
Bodenh1953a: distribution, host, 134, 153
BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 91
Borchs1934: distribution, host, 12
Borchs1937: distribution, illustration, 62
Borchs1939a: taxonomy, 43, 45
Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 371
Britti1915a: description, taxonomy, 157
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 298
CCNI1989: taxonomy, 158
CebeciKu2005: distribution, host, 97-102
Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 324
Collin1908: distribution, 23
CookGuSt2000: taxonomy, 889
Danzig1964: taxonomy, 635
Danzig1971a: host, taxonomy, 1415
Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 824
Danzig1985: taxonomy, 111
Davids1974: chemical control, distribution, host, 3
Dougla1886c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 152
Dougla1890a: taxonomy, 155
Ehrlic1932: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 75-80
Ehrlic1934: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 593-692
EndresGe2021: diagnosis, distribution, history, illustration,
FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 71
FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 72
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 120
Ferris1955a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 83
Ferris1957c: taxonomy, 85
FirouzShAs2017: ecology,
Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 305, 307
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
ForresMcMi2003: economic importance, 70
Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
Gertso2016: distribution, 153
Gertss1997: distribution, host, illustration, 113, 114
Gertss2000: distribution, host, 151
Gertss2001: distribution, 126
Gertss2011: distribution, 40
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 135
GoraKoLu1996: ecology, host, 112-120
GordonHi1990: biological control, 287
Gottsc1995: host, 222
Goux1931: distribution, host, 332
Green1922b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
Green1925b: distribution, host, 517
Green1927a: distribution, 29
Green1928: description, host, taxonomy, 9
GullanKo1997: host, 42
GullanMa2003: economic importance, 1089
GwiazdVaDe2006: distribution, economic importance, host, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 9-18
Hadzib1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 270
Harris1916a: distribution, 94
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 84
Hendry1962: taxonomy, 127
Henrik1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 313
Herric1935: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
Hopkin1904: distribution, host, 51, 52
Housto1994: distribution, ecology, host, 75-87
Hoy1962: distribution, taxonomy, 25
Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 54-55
Jaap1914: taxonomy, 136
Jansen2001: distribution, 200
JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 63
JaposhFiDr2015: biological control, host, life history, natural enemies, phenology, 1193-1198
Johnso1982: chemical control, description, economic importance, illustration, 114, 116, 122
JohnsoLy1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 286-287
Jonsso1998: distribution, ecology, host, 297-305
Kaweck1935: host, 74
Kaweck1985: distribution, taxonomy, 33-34
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 90-106
Kiritc1931: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 312
Kiritc1935: distribution, host, 1
KohlerPaWe2015: mechanical control,
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 13
Koszta1959: distribution, host, 402
Koszta1968: taxonomy, 12
Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 262-264
KosztaHa1968: taxonomy, 11
KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 270-272
KosztaRh1999: distribution, economic importance, host, 121
Koteja1971a: distribution, host, 322
Koteja1974b: structure, 272
Koteja1974b: taxonomy, 78
Koteja1983a: distribution, host, 676
Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
Koteja2000d: distribution, 242
KotejaZa1966: distribution, host, 310, 320
KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 362
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 478
Kozar1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 66, 67
Kozar1983a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 146
Kozar1991: taxonomy, 81
Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 139
Kozar2009: distribution, taxonomy, 96
KozarDr1998e: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 167-168
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 65
KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, taxonomy, 154
KozarKaKo2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 600-603
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 60
KozarKo1982: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 204, 210
KozarKo2002b: distribution, 375
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 98, 114, 134, 150, 171
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 75
Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 306, 307
KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 7, 16
Lagows2002: distribution, 243
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
LagowsKo1996: distribution, 31
Lindin1907d: taxonomy, 158
Lindin1912b: host, taxonomy, 152
Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 204
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 135
Lindin1936a: taxonomy, 444
Lindin1938: distribution, taxonomy, 4-5
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 549
Lindin1958: taxonomy, 367
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 121
Lunder1998: biological control, distribution, host, 319-322
MalumpBa2012: distribution, 26
Marcha1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 263
MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
MawFoHa2000: distribution, 43
Miller1985b: distribution, host, life history, 101-102
Miller1991b: economic importance, 101
Miller2005: distribution, 491
MillerGi2000: biological control, catalog, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 85-89
MillerMi1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 68-70
MillerSt2022: description, distribution, host, illustration, 62-64
MillerWi1995aDR: taxonomy, 200, 242
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 55
Moghad2018b: distribution, 519
MoraalJa2011: climate change, ecology, 53, 57
MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, 208
NanDeWu2013: phylogenetics, taxonomy, 171, 173-174
NastChKl1990: distribution, taxonomy, 121
Newste1900a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 249
Newste1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 215-221
Nikols1936: taxonomy, 155
Nitsch1895: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1250-1252
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 10, 36
OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 40
Ossian1951: distribution, taxonomy, 4
OuvrarKo2009: host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 101-115
Parker1974: chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3-15
Pelliz2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 409-410
PellizKo2011: distribution, 66
Perrie1926: description, distribution, taxonomy, 122
Perrin1980: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 319-331
Pierce1917: distribution, economic importance, host, 39
Piltz1952: distribution, taxonomy, 304
Podsia2006a: illustration, physiology, 277-281
PooleGe1997: distribution, 354
Reh1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 351-353
Reh1904: taxonomy, 34
Reh1926: taxonomy, 322
Reyne1961: taxonomy, 138
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 378, 406, 417-418
Schmut1955: host, taxonomy, 159, 160
Schmut1974: host, taxonomy, 49
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 53
Signor1877: catalog, description, host, taxonomy, 615
SimonKa2011: distribution, 237
Step1929: distribution, host, 183
Stimme1993: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 17-18
Stocki1998: distribution, host, 89, 91, 97
StoetzMi1979: catalog, taxonomy, 15
Storka1925: distribution, taxonomy, 70
Sulc1895a: description, distribution, taxonomy, 13, 22
Sulc1912: distribution, taxonomy, 34
Suvak1999: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 73-83
SwaineHu1926: description, distribution, host, 47-48
Szklar1998: host, illustration, physiology, 168, 169, 171
TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 416, 427, 641
TealeLeMa2009: ecology, 1235-1240
Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 41, 50
TerGri1983: distribution, taxonomy, 882
Terezn1959: distribution, 683-685
Terezn1959b: distribution, 447
Terezn1959d: taxonomy, 92
Terezn1966: distribution, host, 27
Terezn1967a: distribution, 474, 475
Terezn1975: taxonomy, 29
Terezn1981: taxonomy, 46
Terezn1982: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 36
TranfaMa1988: taxonomy, 609
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 66, 67
Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 207
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S116
VanDriJa2012: distribution, ecology, host, 422-427
Walczu1932: taxonomy, 625
Walker1852: description, distribution, 1086
Westco1973: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 388-389
WieferMcHa2011: description, distribution, host, life history, 173-179
WigginGrWe2001: disease transmission, ecology, natural enemies,
Willia1985h: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 353-356
Willia2015: taxonomy, 579
WilliaBe2009: catalog, 21
Wunn1925: distribution, host, 122
Wunn1925b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 281, 284
Wunn1925c: distribution, host, 438
Zahrad1959a: host, taxonomy, 538
Zahrad1972: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 403-404
Zahrad1977: taxonomy, 121
ZakOgaKo1964: distribution, host, 418