Valid Names Results

Coccus hesperidum hesperidum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coccidae: Coccus)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus 1758: 455. Type data: EUROPE: collected on Citrus, Laurus and other host plants.. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Type material lost; D.J. Williams, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Coccus citri Gmelin, P.F. 1766: 41. nomen nudum (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 16).
Calypticus hesperidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Costa 1829: 8. change of combination
Calypticus laevis Costa 1829: 11. Type data: ITALY: on peach.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903, 169). Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Burmeister 1835: 69. change of combination
Coccus patellaeformis Curtis 1843a: 517. Type data: ENGLAND: in greenhouse, location and host plant not indicated.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 169). Notes: Type material probably lost.
Chermes lauri Boisduval 1867: 340. Type data: FRANCE: Locality not clearly indicated, on Laurus nobilis.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Maskel1893a, 103). Notes: Type material probably lost (D. Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, 1991)
Lecanium platycerii Packard 1870: 260. nomen nudum (discovered by Newste1903, 78).
Lecanium lauri (Boisduval, 1867); Signoret 1873a: 400. change of combination
Lecanium angustatus Signoret 1873a: 398. Type data: FRANCE: in greenhouse on Cyperus rotundus.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909a, 436). Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Lecanium maculatum Signoret 1873a: 400. Type data: FRANCE: on Hedera helix.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by BenDov1976b, 115).
Kermes aurantj Alfonso 1875: 431. Type data: ITALY: Sicily, locality not given, on orange.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903, 169). Notes: Type material probably lost.
Lecanium alienum Douglas 1886b: 77. Type data: ENGLAND: on Asplenium bulbiferum.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Leonar1920, 320).
Lecanium depressum simulans Douglas 1887a: 28. nomen nudum
Lecanium minimum Newstead 1892: 141. Type data: ENGLAND: on Areca sp. and Abutilon sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by BoratyWi1964, 108).
Lecanium assimile amaryllidis Cockerell 1893g: 53. Type data: ANTIGUA: on Amaryllis.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909, 436).
Lecanium terminaliae Cockerell 1893j: 254. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Terminalia catappa.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909, 436).
Lecanium assimile amaryllidis Cockerell 1893j: 254. nomen nudum
Lecanium ceratoniae Gennadius 1895: cclxxvii. Type data: CYPRUS: on carob tree.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1897p, 590). Notes: Daniele Matile-Ferrero (in letter to Yair Ben-Dov, November 28, 2001) confirmed that syntypes are deposited in MNHN.
Lecanium hesperidum lauri (Boisduval, 1867); Cockerell 1896b: 331. change in status (level)
Lecanium nanum Cockerell 1896h: 19. Type data: TRINIDAD: on leaves of 'Balata'.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909a, 436). Notes: Also described as n. sp. in Cockerell, 1896k, page iv.
Lecanium flaveolum Cockerell 1897d: 52. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Mesilla Park, on Pilea sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909a, 436).
Lecanium minimum pinicola Maskell 1897: 310. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, on Pinus insignis.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909a, 436).
Lecanium ventrale Ehrhorn 1898: 245. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Jose, Japanese Nursery, on tuberous plant.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909a, 436).
Lecanium hesperidum alienum Douglas, 1886; Cockerell 1899a: 393. change in status (level)
Lecanium (Calymnatus) hesperidum pacificum Kuwana 1902a: 30. Type data: ECUADOR: Galapagos Islands, on host plants belonging to 12 different species.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Sander1909a, 436).
Coccus angustatus (Signoret, 1873); Fernald 1903: 168. change of combination
Coccus flaveolus (Cockerell, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 168. change of combination
Coccus hesperidum alienus (Douglas, 1886); Fernald 1903b: 171. change of combination
Coccus hesperidum lauri (Boisduval, 1867); Fernald 1903b: 171. change of combination
Coccus hesperidum pacificus (Kuwana, 1902); Fernald 1903b: 171. change of combination
Coccus maculatus (Signoret, 1873); Fernald 1903b: 172. change of combination
Coccus (Lecanium) minimus (Newstead, 1892); Cockerell 1903a: 162. change of combination
Coccus minimus (Newstead, 1892); Fernald 1903b: 172. change of combination
Coccus minimus pinicola (Maskell, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 172. change of combination
Coccus nanus (Cockerell, 1896); Fernald 1903b: 172. change of combination
Coccus terminaliae (Cockerell, 1893); Fernald 1903b: 173. change of combination
Coccus ventralis (Ehrhorn, 1898); Fernald 1903b: 174. change of combination
Eulecanium assimile amaryllidis (Cockerell, 1893); Fernald 1903b: 181. change of combination
Lecanium hesperidum minimum Newstead, 1892; Newstead 1903: 85. change of combination
Chermes aurantii Fernald 1903: 169. misspelling of both genus and species names Notes: Mis-spelling of Kermes aurantj Alfonso.
Coccus patelliformis Curtis, 1843; Fernald 1903b: 169. misspelling of species epithet
Lecanium signiferum Green 1904d: 197. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Begonia sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by BoratyWi1964, 108).
Lecanium punctuliferum Green 1904d: 205. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Michelia champaca.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by DeLott1959, 160).
Coccus signiferus (Green, 1904); Sanders 1906: 8. change of combination
Saissetia punctulifera (Green, 1904); Sanders 1906: 10. change of combination
Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Borg 1919: 33. change of combination
Lecanium (Coccus) hesperidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Pettit & McDaniel 1920: 16. change of combination
Coccus (Lecanium) hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758; Hall 1922: 18. change of combination
Coccus hemisphaerides Lindinger 1929: 109-110. junior synonym Notes: hemisphaerides L., Coccus. Lindinger (1929: 109-110) discussed this name, stating that it was mentioned by Prof Dr. K. Braun-Stade in a note about a scale insect named Coccus hemisphaerides L. [sic] in Geiger, Ph.L. (1840), Pharmazeut. Botanik II p. 1948. The note stated that "the orange tree is affected by a disease of blackening of the leaves, in which occur eggs and excretions of an insect" (= Coccus hemisphaerides L.). Information taken from: Handbuch f?r Fremde in Nizza. Heidelberg, Frankfurt und Leipzig, 1839: 56. Current status: Lindinger suggested that this name might be identical to Lecanium hesperidum (= Coccus hesperidum hesperidum Linnaeus) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 25)..
Lecanium esperidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Gomez-Menor Ortega 1929: 4. misspelling of species epithet
Coccus signifier (Green, 1904); Lindinger 1932f: 196. emendation that is unjustified (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 43).
Coccus jungi Chen 1936: 218. Type data: CHINA: Huangyan County, Chekiang Province, on Citrus sp.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Tang1991, 75). Notes: Type material probably lost; Tang, F.T., 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Lecanium mauritiense Mamet 1936: 96. Type data: MAURITIUS: Rose Hill and Ebene, on Furcraea gigantea.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by DeLott1959, 160).
Lecanium (Coccus) hesperidum (Linnaeus, 1758); Green 1937: 298. change of combination
Lecanium (Coccus) signiferum Green, 1904; Green 1937: 298. change of combination
Coccus hisperidum Linnaeus, 1758; Chou 1947a: 30, 39. misspelling of species epithet
Coccus mauritiensis (Mamet, 1936); Mamet 1949: 25. change of combination
Coccus hesperidium Linnaeus, 1758; Lincango, Hodgson, Causton, & Miller 2010: 4. misspelling of species epithet
Coccus hesprridium Linnaeus, 1758; Basheer, et al. 2014: 52. misspelling of species epithet
Coccus hesperidurm hesperidurm Linnaeus, 1758; Moharum & Bakry 2015: 103. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

brown soft scale BenDov1993 Gill1988 GillNaWi1977
Cochinilla blanda de los agrios Lloren1990
conchuela blanda RipaLaRo2008a
conchuela blanda cafe RipaLaRo2008a
conchuela blanda de los citrus RipaLaRo2008a
The Coccus of the greenhouses Linnae1758
qenima huma raqa BenDov1993
qenima huma BenDov1993
Chermes des hespérides KondoWaGa2022
cocciniglia degli agrumi KondoWaGa2022
myagkaya lozhnoschitovka KondoWaGa2022
orangefägad sköldlus KondoWaGa2022
Orangenschildlaus KondoWaGa2022
sagte dopluis KondoWaGa2022
yumusak kosnil KondoWaGa2022
yumshoq soxtaqalqondor SobiroZoQa2024

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 138 | Genera: 427

Arecaceae

Chamerops | MifsudMaRu2014

Acanthaceae

Avicennia marina | BenDov2012
Hemigraphis | Nakaha1983
Pachystachys lutea | Schonf2015
Pseuderanthemum | WilliaWa1990
Ruellia simplex | LinTaKo2017 | (=Ruellia brittoniana)

Achariaceae

Hydnocarpus pentandrus | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988 | (= Hydnocarpus wightiana)

Acoraceae

Acorus | BenDov2012

Actinidiaceae

Actinidia deliciosa | Guncan2015

Amaranthaceae

Aerva lanata | Green1904d
Amaranthus | Ali1971 Green1904d Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930
Iresine | Varshn1992

Amaryllidaceae

Clivia miniata | TangLi1988
Hippeastrum | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Hippeastrum equestre | TaoWoCh1983

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium | Ali1971
Anacardium occidentale | ShafeeYoKh1989
Mangifera | Ali1971 Green1937
Mangifera indica | Ali1971 Almeid1973b AvasthSh1991 BenDov1971 DanzigKo1990 Hall1935 Hodgso1967 KinjoNaHi1996 Nakaha1981a Nakaha1983 ShafeeYoKh1989
Pistacia terebinthus | BenDov1971 | (= Pistacia palaestina)
Schinus | Hall1923
Schinus molle | BenDov1971 Bodenh1924
Spondias purpurea | PadillMaNa2016
Toxicodendron succedaneum | TaoWoCh1983 | (= Rhus succedanea)
Toxicodendron vernicifluum | Ali1971 | (= Rhus vernicifera)

Annonaceae

Annona | Hall1922
Annona muricata | Kondo2008a WilliaWa1990
Annona squamosa | Ballou1926

Apiaceae

Eryngium | Suh2023
Hydrocotyle | JansenAl2023

Apocynaceae

Araujia | BenDov2012
Asclepias | BenDov2012
Calotropis procera | Bodenh1924
Cascabela thevetia | BenDov1971 | (= Thevetia peruviana)
Hoya carnosa | Malump2011a
Melodinus baueri | WilliaWa1990
Nerium | Balach1957c DeLott1959 HodgsoHi1990 Jansen1995 Nakaha1983 TerGri1954
Nerium indicum | Kuwana1902 TangLi1988
Nerium oleander | Almeid1973b Archan1930 Aziz1977 BenDov1971 EzzatHu1969 Hall1922 Hempel1900a KfirRo1980 KozarzRe1975 Lindin1911a | (= Nerium odoratum)
Plumeria | Hall1935 Hodgso1967
Plumeria obtusa | LinTaKo2017
Plumeria rubra | DeLott1959 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 Mamet1943a WilliaWa1990 | (= Plumeria acuminata, Plumeria acutifolia)
Tabernaemontana | Varshn1992
Vinca | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Vinca major | BenDov1971
Vinca minor | Kozar1985
Wrightia | Suh2023

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Ilex aquifolium | LinKoGu2013
Ilex cassine | ZettleZeRi2012
Ilex crenata | JansenAl2023

Araceae

Anthurium | HodgsoHi1990
Anthurium acaule | MazzeoLoRu1994 Nakaha1983
Anthurium andraeanum | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Arum italicum | Bodenh1924
Colocasia inodora | KozarzRe1975
Cryptocoryne | WilliaKo1972
Dieffenbachia | HodgsoHi1990
Dieffenbachia seguine | GoszczGo2011 Malump2011a | (= Dieffenbachia picta)
Epipremnum aureum | Nakaha1981a | (= Scindapsus aureus)
Monstera | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Monstera adansonii | DeLott1959 | (= Philodendron pertusum)
Monstera deliciosa | Potaev1993
Philodendron | HodgsoHi1990 Potaev1993
Philodendron lacerum | MestreHoHa2015
Pothos | BenDov2012
Spathiphyllum | Malump2011a
Syngonium | HodgsoHi1990
Zamioculcas | Suh2023
Zantedeschia | Nakaha1981a
Zantedeschia aethiopica | Granar1999

Araliaceae

Aralia | GomezM1957
Fatshedera | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Fatsia | GillNaWi1977 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Fatsia japonica | GomezM1946 | (= Aralia sieboldi)
Hedera | Ali1971 Green1904d Green1928 Green1937
Hedera algeriensis | JansenAl2023
Hedera canariensis | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Hedera colchica | BatsanKaKi2017
Hedera helix | Anneck1966 Archan1930 BenDov1993 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1944b King1899b Kozar1980 KozarPaPa1991 UygunSeEr1998
Hedera hibernica | King1903b | (= Hedera hybernica)
Hedera rhombea | Ali1971
Heptapleurum actinophyllum | GillNaWi1977 Nakaha1981a NakahaMi1981 | (= Brassaia actinophylla) (= Schefflera actinophylla)
Oreopanax capitatus | JansenAl2023
Panax | EzzatHu1969
Plerandra elegantissima | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 | (= Dizigotheca elegantissima)
Pseudopanax crassifolius | HodgsoHe2000
Pseudopanax lessonii | HodgsoHe2000
Schefflera | Hall1922 HodgsoHi1990 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 WilliaWa1990 | (= Sciadophyllum)
Schefflera arboricola | BenDov2012

Arecaceae

Aiphanes horrida | Ballou1926 | (= Martinezia caryotaefolia)
Areca catechu | Ali1971 NairMe1963 ShafeeYoKh1989
Arecaceae | Ali1971
Caryota mitis | KozarzRe1975
Caryota urens | Ali1971 Green1904d Green1937
Chamaedorea | GillNaWi1977
Cocos | DeLott1959 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Cocos nucifera | Ali1971 Almeid1973b DeLott1959 Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
Dypsis | Suh2023
Gaussia princeps | Ballou1926 | (= Gaussia princips)
Howea | Suh2023
Phoenix dactylifera | CarnerPe1986 King1899b Newste1917
Phoenix roebelenii | JansenAl2023
Rhapis | Ballou1926 Potaev1993
Rhapis excelsa | Stalaz2021 | (in greenhouse)
Rhopalostylis baueri | Stalaz2021
Roystonea oleracea | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983 | (= Areca oleracea)
Roystonea regia | LincanHoCa2010
Washingtonia | PadillMaNa2016

Argophyllaceae

Corokia | HodgsoHe2000

Asparagaceae

Agave | Ali1971 DeLott1965a HodgsoHi1990 Mamet1954 ShafeeYoKh1989 | (= Tuberosa)
Agave americana | BenDov1971 Bodenh1924
Agave sisalana | DeLott1959 Willia1987 LagowsGoHo2022
Agave vivipara | Ali1971 Nakaha1983 | ssp. variegata (= Agave rigida variegata, Agave rigida)
Cordyline fruticosa | GillNaWi1977 Nakaha1981a | (= Cordyline terminalis)
Dracaena | Nakaha1981a
Furcraea foetida | DeLott1959 Mamet1936 Mamet1943a | (= Furcraea gigantea)
Ophiopogon | HodgsoHi1990
Polianthes tuberosa | Ballou1926 ShafeeYoKh1989
Rohdea japonica | Suh2020
Ruscus | Hall1923
Ruscus aculeatus | BenDov2012
Ruscus hypophyllum | Hall1923
Yucca | King1903b NakahaMi1981
Yucca baccata | Moghad2013a
Yucca filamentosa | KozarTzVi1979
Yucca gloriosa | GomezM1954

Asphodelaceae

Aloe | DeLott1959 Hodgso1994a Nakaha1983
Aloe ciliaris | CarnerPe1986
Aloe distans | Potaev1993
Haworthia | Potaev1993
Haworthia fasciata | WilliaKo1972

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium bulbiferum | Dougla1886b
Asplenium nidus | CarnerPe1986 KozarzRe1975
Asplenium viviparum | BenDov2012

Asteraceae

Artemisia vulgaris | BatsanKaKi2017
Aster | HodgsoHi1990
Brachyglottis bellidioides | HodgsoHe2000
Brachyglottis repanda | HodgsoHe2000
Cirsium | JansenAl2023
Dahlia pinnata | Granar1999
Erigeron bonariensis | BenDov2012 LincanHoCa2010 | (= Conyza bonariensis, Erigeron crispus)
Gerbera | BenDov2012
Olearia | HodgsoHe2000
Pluchea odorata | WilliaWa1990
Senecio | HodgsoHe2000
Solidago | WilliaWa1990
Sphagneticola trilobata | Kuwana1902a | (= Wedelia paludesa)
Tridax procumbens | WilliaWa1990
Vernonia | Hodgso1967

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens | GillNaWi1977

Begoniaceae

Begonia | Ali1971 Almeid1973b Bodenh1924 DeLott1959 GomezM1958b Green1904d Green1937 Hall1923 Hall1935 HodgsoHi1990 Nakaha1981a
Begonia radicans | WilliaKo1972
Begonia rex | Stalaz2021 | (greenhouse)

Berberidaceae

Berberis vulgaris | DeLott1959
Mahonia | KozarPaPa1991
Mahonia aquifolium | WilliaKo1972

Bignoniaceae

Bignonia | Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930
Campsis | HodgsoHi1990
Catalpa bignonioides | Potaev1993
Dolichandra unguis-cati | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988 | (= Bignonia unguiscati)
Jacaranda mimosifolia | MazzeoLoRu1994 | (= Jacaranda mimosaefoliae)
Kigelia africana | Malump1991 Malump2011a
Radermachera sinica | LinTaKo2017
Tecoma | Hall1935 HodgsoHi1990 | (= Tecomaria)
Tecoma capensis | BenDov2012 Hodgso1969a | (= Tecomaria capensis)
Tecoma stans | LinKoGu2013
Tecoma x smithii | Hall1923
Tecomanthe speciosa | HodgsoHe2000

Blechnaceae

Blechnum fraseri | HodgsoHe2000
Blechnum moorei | Schonf2015
Woodwardia | HodgsoHi1990

Boraginaceae

Cordia alliodora | WilliaWa1990
Cordia myxa | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988
Ehretia | Ali1971
Ehretia cymosa | DeLott1959 | (= Ehretia silvatica)
Ehretia petiolaris | DeLott1959
Heliotropium curassavicum | LagowsGoHo2022
Heliotropium foertherianum | LinTaKo2017 | (= Messerschmidia argentea)
Hilsenbergia petiolaris | DeLott1959

Bromeliaceae

Aechmea | Potaev1993
Billbergia | GillNaWi1977
Fosterella | HodgsoHi1990 | (= Fosterelia)
Puya | Potaev1993
Vriesea | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995

Bruniaceae

Berzelia | Suh2023

Burseraceae

Canarium indicum | WilliaWa1990

Buxaceae

Buxus sempervirens | BatsanKaKi2017

Cactaceae

Echinocactus | Bodenh1924 MazzeoSuRu2008

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum inophyllum | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983 WilliaWa1990

Campanulaceae

Campanula | SzitaFeBe2017
Lobelia physaloides | HodgsoHe2000 | (= Pratia physaloides)
Trachelium | MazzeoLoRu1994

Cannabaceae

Aphananthe aspera | LinKoGu2013
Cannabis sativa | VillanGaAh2021
Celtis | HodgsoHi1990
Celtis tetrandra | LinKoGu2013 LinTaKo2017 | (= Celtis formosana)

Cannaceae

Canna | Nakaha1981a
Canna tuerckheimii | KozarzRe1975 | (= Canna gigantea)

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera | Bodenh1924 CarnerPe1986
Lonicera caprifolium | UlgentDo2019
Lonicera japonica | EzzatHu1969
Lonicera macrantha | LinKoGu2013

Caricaceae

Carica | HodgsoHi1990
Carica papaya | Ali1971 Almeid1969 Almeid1973b DeLott1959 DeLott1965a Hodgso1967 Mamet1943a MartinCuWo2004 Nakaha1981a

Caryophyllaceae

Dianthus | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Dianthus caryophyllus | Ballou1926 DeLott1959

Casuarinaceae

Casuarina | Almeid1973b Nakaha1981a

Celastraceae

Brexia madagascariensis | KozarzRe1975 | (= Brexia spinosa)
Euonymus | HodgsoHi1990
Euonymus japonicus | WilliaKo1972
Gymnosporia cassinoides | KozarzRe1975 | (= Catha cassioides)
Salacia | WilliaWa1990

Cephalotaxaceae

Cephalotaxus harringtonii | UlgentDo2019 | subsp. drupacea

Clusiaceae

Garcinia | Suh2023

Combretaceae

Conocarpus erectus | GillNaWi1977 | (= Conocarpus erecta)
Lumnitzera littorea | WilliaWa1990 | (= Lumnitzera coccinea)
Terminalia bellirica | DeLott1959 | (= Terminalia bellerica)
Terminalia brassii | WilliaWa1990
Terminalia calamansanay | WilliaWa1990
Terminalia catappa | Ali1971 Almeid1973b Newste1911a TaoWoCh1983
Terminalia chebula | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983

Commelinaceae

Commelina tuberosa | Potaev1993
Murdannia nudiflora | Ballou1926 | (= Commelina nudiflora)
Tradescantia | Suh2023

Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea | Nakaha1981a

Costaceae

Cheilocostus speciosus | WilliaWa1990 | (= Costus speciosus)

Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbita | BenDov2012

Cyatheaceae

Cyathea | HodgsoHe2000
Cyathea armata | Kuwana1902a | (= Alsophila armata)

Cycadaceae

Cycas revoluta | Kuwana1902

Cyperaceae

Cyperus | Potaev1993

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea | HodgsoHi1990 WilliaWa1990

Dipterocarpaceae

Anisoptera thurifera | WilliaWa1990

Dryopteridaceae

Cyrtomium falcatum | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995

Ebenaceae

Diospyros kaki | Ballou1926 GillNaWi1977
Euclea crispa | Hodgso1967

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus thunbergii | LinKoGu2013

Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus | WilliaWa1990

Ericaceae

Arbutus unedo | GomezM1958b
Gaultheria | Suh2023
Rhododendron | GillNaWi1977
Vaccinium | Suh2023

Eriocaulaceae

Eriocaulon | JansenAl2023

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha | Green1920 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 WilliaWa1990
Codiaeum | Nakaha1981a
Codiaeum variegatum | KozarzRe1975
Croton | Varshn1992
Euphorbia | HodgsoHi1990 | (= Poinsettia)
Euphorbia pulcherrima | Hodgso1994a HodgsoHi1990 | (= Poinsettia pulcherrima)
Jatropha | Schonf2015
Macaranga tanarius | WilliaWa1990
Mallotus japonicus | Suh2020
Mallotus pallidus | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983 | (= Mallotus philippinensis)
Ricinus | HodgsoHi1990 KozarPaPa1991
Ricinus communis | WilliaWa1990
Triadica sebifera | LucasPoDe2024

Fabaceae

Acacia | Almeid1973b Hall1922 Hall1924a
Acacia cyclops | CarnerPe1986
Acacia heterophylla | Mamet1957
Albizia | KozarPaPa1991
Alhagi maurorum | Moghad2013a | (= Alhagi camelorum)
Bauhinia | DeLott1959 Hall1922 Hall1924a Mamet1943a Mamet1952
Bauhinia purpurea | Ballou1926 DeLott1959
Bauhinia variegata | Ali1971 BenDov1971 | (= Bauhinia alba)
Butea monosperma | Ali1971 | (= Butea frondosa)
Cajanus cajan | LagowsGoHo2022
Callerya nitida | TaoWoCh1983 | (= Millettia nitida)
Canavalia macrocarpa | Nakaha1981a
Caragana | KozarPaPa1991
Carmichaelia | HodgsoHe2000
Cassia javanica | Nakaha1981a Nakaha1981a | ssp. nodosa,ssp. agnes (= Cassia nodosa)
Ceratonia siliqua | BenDov1971
Cercis chinensis | Kuwana1902
Cercis siliquastrum | MazzeoLoRu1994
Chordospartium stevensonii | HodgsoHe2000
Cytisus | KozarPaPa1991
Cytisus filipes | CarnerPe1986 | (= Spartocytisus filipes)
Dalbergia | Green1937 WilliaWa1990
Dalbergia latifolia | Green1908a Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
Erythrina crista-galli | Almeid1973b
Erythrina variegata | WilliaWa1990 | (= Erythrina indica)
Erythrina zeyheri | BenDov2012
Fabaceae | HodgsoHi1990 | could not locate or confirm the existence of Sabinia
Gliricidia | BenDov1993
Lespedeza cuneata | WilliaKo1972
Medicago sativa | Granar1999
Millettia pinnata | ShafeeYoKh1989 | (= Pongamia glabra)
Mucuna bennettii | RibeirTa2021
Parkinsonia aculeata | JansenAl2023
Piscidia carthagenensis | LincanHoCa2010
Platypodium | Nakaha1981a
Robinia pseudoacacia | BenDov1971 Bodenh1924 | (= Robinia pseudacacia)
Senna siamea | Green1907 Mamet1943a | (= Cassia siamea)
Sesbania sesban | Hodgso1969a
Sophora chrysophylla | Nakaha1981a
Sophora microphylla | KozarzRe1975
Trifolium repens | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Wisteria | Hodgso1969a

Fagaceae

Quercus | UlgentDo2019

Frankeniaceae

Frankenia | BenDov2012

Gentianaceae

Orphium | Malump2011a

Geraniaceae

Pelargonium | GillNaWi1977

Goodeniaceae

Scaevola taccada | WilliaWa1990

Heliconiaceae

Heliconia | Malump2011a

Heptapleurum

Heptapleurum | Nakaha1981a | (= Brassaia)

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea serratifolia | GillNaWi1977 | (= Hydrangea integerrima)

Hymenophyllaceae

Trichomanes elegans | Kuwana1902a | (= Trichomanes prieurii)

Iridaceae

Dietes bicolor | Nakaha1981a | (= Moraea bicolor)
Dietes iridioides | Nakaha1981a | (= Moraea iridioides)
Gladiolus | Nakaha1981a
Iris | DeLott1959
Iris unguicularis | KozarPaPa1991 | ssp. Iris craetensis

Juglandaceae

Juglans nigra | PadillMaNa2016

Lamiaceae

Callicarpa formosana | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
Coleus | Bodenh1924
Coleus scutellarioides | TangLi1988 | (= Coleus blumei)
Hyssopus officinalis | ElekciKa2021
Micromeria teneriffae | CarnerPe1986
Ocimum basilicum | LinTaKo2017
Oxera nerifolia | MilleHeCa2016
Premna corymbosa | WilliaWa1990
Rosmarinus officinalis | MazzeoLoRu1994
Teucrium | Kozar1983a
Thymus | Marott1987
Vitex agnus-castus | BenDov2012
Vitex lucens | HodgsoHe2000
Volkameria inermis | WilliaWa1990 | (= Clerodendrum inerme)

Lauraceae

Beilschmiedia tawa | HodgsoHe2000
Cinnamomum camphora | DeLott1959
Laurus | DeLott1959 Jansen1995 Kozar1983a KozarzRe1975 TerGri1954
Laurus nobilis | Ballou1926 BenDov1971 Bodenh1924 GomezM1946 Green1928 Green1928a Hodgso1994a Jansen1995 LinKoGu2013 PellizPoSe2011 UygunSeEr1998 | (= Laurus indica)
Machilus odoratissima | BenDov2012
Nectandra acutifolia | Stalaz2021
Persea | GonzalAt1984 Potaev1993
Persea americana | BenDov1971 DeLott1959 GonzalAt1984 Hall1935 MazzeoLoRu1994 Nakaha1983 | (= Persea gratissima)
Persea borbonia | WilliaKo1972

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia acutangula | Ali1971 | (= Michelia nitida)
Barringtonia asiatica | WilliaWa1990

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium clavatum | Moghad2013a

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia indica | Ballou1926
Lagerstroemia speciosa | LinTaKo2017
Lawsonia inermis | BenDov1971
Punica granatum | Bodenh1926 Moghad2013a

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia champaca | Ali1971 DeLott1959 Green1904d Green1937 | (= Michelia champaca)
Magnolia grandiflora | TangLi1988
Magnolia tsiampacca | WilliaWa1990 | (= Elmerrillia papuana)
Magnolia x alba | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983 | (= Michelia longifolia, Michelia x alba)

Malpighiaceae

Malpighia emarginata | RamosSaCo2018

Malvaceae

Abelmoschus manihot | WilliaWa1990 | (= Hibiscus manihot)
Abutilon | Cocker1899n Kuwana1902
Abutilon grandiflorum | BenDov1971
Alcea rosea | BenDov1971 GomezM1958b | (= Althaea rosae, Althaea rosea)
Ceiba pentandra | DeLott1965a
Dombeya | Hodgso1967
Durio | Suh2023
Gossypium | DeLott1959 Granar1999 Hall1935
Gossypium barbadense | Kuwana1902a
Grewia | DeLott1959
Hibiscus | Almeid1973b Balach1957c Hodgso1967 HodgsoHi1990 Nakaha1981a
Hibiscus cannabinus | EtiennMa1993 Nakaha1981a WilliaWa1990 | (= Hibiscus sarabdiffa, Hibiscus sabdariffa)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | LincanHoCa2010
Hibiscus syriacus | Ballou1926
Hibiscus tiliaceus | Kuwana1902a Nakaha1981a
Malvaviscus arboreus | WilliaWa1990
Matisia cordata | LincanHoCa2010
Pavonia spinifex | MestreHoHa2015
Sida rhombifolia | WilliaWa1990
Theobroma cacao | WilliaWa1990

Melastomataceae

Conostegia lasiopoda | Kuwana1902a | (= Conostegia lasiopeda)
Melastoma | GillNaWi1977

Meliaceae

Aglaia | WilliaWa1990 | (= Amoora)
Melia azedarach | Hall1935
Toona ciliata | Hall1935 Hodgso1967 | (= Cedrela toona)
Toona sinensis | Stalaz2021

Moraceae

Artocarpus altilis | Mamet1943a WilliaWa1990 WilliaWi1988 | (= Artocarpus communis)
Artocarpus hetrophyllus | Ali1971 ShafeeYoKh1989 | {= Artocarpus integra)
Broussonetia papyrifera | Granar1999
Ficus | Ali1971 Aziz1977 EzzatHu1969 GonzalAt1984 Hall1922 Jansen1995 Nakaha1983 Potaev1993
Ficus benghalensis | BenDov1971 Hall1922
Ficus benjamina | BenDov2012 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Ficus carica | BenDov1971 Bodenh1924
Ficus deltoidea | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 | (= Ficus diversifolia)
Ficus elastica | Ballou1926 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Ficus lacor | AvasthSh1991 | (= Ficus infectoria)
Ficus lutea | DeLott1959 | (= Ficus verrucocarpa)
Ficus microcarpa | BenDov2012 PellizPoSe2011 | (= Ficus microcarpa nitida)
Ficus obliqua | BenDov1971
Ficus religiosa | LagowsGoHo2022
Ficus retusa | BenDov1971
Ficus septica | WilliaWa1990
Ficus sycomorus | BenDov1971
Ficus theophrastoides | WilliaWa1990
Morus | LinKoGu2013
Morus alba | BenDov1971
Morus nigra | Granar1999
Streblus | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995

Moringaceae

Moringa oleifera | WilliaWa1990

Musaceae

Musa | Granar1999 Hall1922 HodgsoHi1990 Jansen1995 Nakaha1981a Newste1917b
Musa paradisiaca | Ali1964 GillNaWi1977 Green1937 Mamet1943a WilliaWa1990 | (= Musa sapientum)

Myrtaceae

Acca sellowiana | BenDov2012 | (= Feijoa sellowiana)
Decaspermum | WilliaWa1990
Eucalyptus deglupta | WilliaWa1990
Eugenia uniflora | BenDov2012
Marlierea eugenioides | DeLott1959
Melaleuca | LinKoGu2013
Metrosideros | Nakaha1981a
Myrtus communis | BenDov1971 Green1928
Myrtus pendula | DeLott1959 | (= Eugenia pendula)
Pimenta | HodgsoHi1990
Psidium guajava | Ballou1926 BenDov1971 EzzatHu1969 Hall1923 Hall1935 Nakaha1983
Syzygium cumini | WilliaWa1990 | (= Eugenia jambolana)
Syzygium jambos | MestreHoHa2015
Syzygium paniculatum | DeLott1959 | (= Eugenia paniculata)

Nephrolepidaceae

Nephrolepis | Jansen1995 Kuwana1902a LongoMaPe1995
Nephrolepis cordifolia | DeLott1959 Granar1999
Nephrolepis exaltata | Mamet1943a Nakaha1983 | inc. Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis)

Nyctaginaceae

Bougainvillea | Bodenh1924
Bougainvillea spectabilis | BenDov1971
Mirabilis jalapa | BenDov1971
Pisonia grandis | WilliaWa1990

Ochnaceae

Schuurmansia henningsii | WilliaWa1990

Oleaceae

Fraxinus caroliniana | ZettleZeRi2012
Jasminum | Kuwana1902
Ligustrum | Hodgso1967 HodgsoHi1990 Nakaha1981a
Olea | Argyri1967 Hall1922
Olea europaea | BenDov1971 ElsebaAh2017

Onagraceae

Fuchsia | WilliaKo1972
Ludwigia leptocarpa | LincanHoCa2010

Orchidaceae

Ansellia | HodgsoHi1990
Coelogyne cristata | Stalaz2021 | (greenhouse)
Cymbidium | Suh2023
Encyclia tampensis | ZettleZeRi2012
Epidendrum rigidum | ZettleZeRi2012
Orchidaceae | Jansen1995
Paphiopedilum callosum | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Phalaenopsis | JansenAl2023
Prosthechea cochleata | ZettleZeRi2012 | (= Encyclia cochleata)
Stanhopea | GillNaWi1977
Vanda | GillNaWi1977

Paulowniaceae

Paulownia tomentosa | Stalaz2021

Pentaphylacaceae

Eurya emarginata | Suh2020
Eurya japonica | Suh2020

Phyllanthaceae

Bischofia javanica | WilliaWa1990
Glochidion | Ali1971
Glochidion eriocarpum | Ali1971 | (= Glochidion eryocarpum)
Glochidion puberum | TaoWoCh1983
Phyllanthus | Hall1935 WilliaWa1990

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca dioica | CarnerPe1986

Pinaceae

Abies | GomezM1957
Abies bornmuelleriana | UlgentDo2019
Abies concolor | UlgentOz2019
Abies nordmanniana | UlgentOz2019
Cedrus | GillNaWi1977
Cedrus atlantica | UlgentOz2019
Cedrus deodora | MazzeoLoRu1994
Cedrus libani | UnalAyKa2016
Picea glauca | BatsanKaKi2017
Picea orientalis | UlgentOz2019
Pinus brutia | UlgentDo2019
Pinus caribaea | WilliaWa1990
Pinus elliottii | GillNaWi1977
Pinus halepensis | BenDov1993
Pinus nigra | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Pinus pinaster | MazzeoLoRu1994 UnalAyKa2016 | (= Pinus maritima)
Pinus pinea | UnalAyKa2016
Pinus radiata | DeLott1959
Pinus sylvestris | Hall1935
Tsuga canadensis | BatsanKaKi2017

Piperaceae

Peperomia | CarnerPe1986
Peperomia rubella | Potaev1993
Piper auritum | Ballou1926
Piper chaba | BenDov2012

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum | Balach1927 HodgsoHe2000

Plantaginaceae

Plantago | LagowsGoHo2022

Platanaceae

Platanus orientalis | BenDov1971

Poaceae

Bambusa vulgaris | AhnKiKi2020 WilliaWa1990

Podocarpaceae

Podocarpus | Ali1971 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Podocarpus macrophyllus | JansenAl2023

Polemoniaceae

Phlox drummondii | Ballou1926

Polygalaceae

Polygala virgata | Hodgso1967

Polygonaceae

Antigonon leptopus | Ballou1926
Homalocladium platycladum | DeLott1959 | (= Muehlenbeckia platyclada)
Muehlenbeckia | Green1923b

Polypodiaceae

Campyloneurum phyllitidis | Kuwana1902a | (= Polypodium phyllitidus, Polypodium phyllitidis)
Phlebodium aureum | Green1917a Schonf2015 | (= Polypodium aureum),
Platycerium | HodgsoHi1990 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Platycerium alcicorne | BenDov1971
Polypodium vulgare | DervisStGr2021

Pontederiaceae

Eichhornia crassipes | Mamet1943a

Portulacaceae

Portulaca oleracea | Ballou1926

Primulaceae

Ardisia japonica | Suh2020
Ardisia pusilla | Suh2020
Cyclamen | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Cyclamen coum | Moghad2013a
Cyclamen persicum | TangLi1988
Maesa lanceolata | Hodgso1967
Myrsine africana | Hodgso1967
Wallenia laurifolia | Ballou1926

Proteaceae

Banksia | Suh2023
Finschia | WilliaWa1990
Grevillea | Hall1935

Pteridaceae

Acrostichum aureum | WilliaWa1990
Actiniopteris australis | JansenAl2023
Adiantum | Hall1935
Adiantum capillus-veneris | BenDov1971
Adiantum intermedium | Kuwana1902a
Pityrogramma ochracea | Kuwana1902a | (= Acrostichum caudatum)

Ranunculaceae

Clematis flammula | Balach1932e Balach1933e

Resedaceae

Caylusea hexagyna | LagowsGoHo2022

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus alaternus | BenDovSa2015
Rhamnus oleoides | MifsudMaRu2014 MifsudMaRu2014
Sageretia | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Ziziphus | Varshn1992

Rhizophoraceae

Bruguiera cylindrica | Ali1971

Rosaceae

Cliffortia nitidula | Hodgso1967
Cotoneaster pannosus | BenDov1971 | (= Cotoneaster pannosa)
Crataegus azarolus | BenDov2012
Crataegus monogyna | UlgentDo2019
Cydonia oblonga | BenDov1971
Eriobotrya | Green1923b HodgsoHi1990
Eriobotrya japonica | Ali1971 BenDov1971 Green1923b Kuwana1902
Heteromeles arbutifolia | LinTaKo2017
Malus sylvestris | BenDov1971
Photinia serratifolia | Balach1927 | (=Photinia serrata)
Prunus | Hodgso1967
Prunus armeniaca | BenDov1971 Matile1984c
Prunus domestica | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Prunus dulcis | BenDov1971 BenDov2013 | (= Amygdalus communis)
Prunus laurocerasus | KozarGuBa1994 | (= Laurocerasus)
Prunus persica | BenDov1971 DeLott1959 | (= Persica vulgaris)
Prunus salicina | BenDov1971
Pyracantha | HodgsoHi1990 WilliaKo1972
Pyrus communis | Hall1923
Raphiolepis umbellata | BenDov1971
Rosa | Bodenh1924 Hodgso1969a ShafeeYoKh1989
Rubus | DeLott1959 Hodgso1967 KozarFr1995
Rubus caucasicus | BatsanKaKi2017
Rubus hirtus | BatsanKaKi2017
Rubus sanctus | BatsanKaKi2017

Rubiaceae

Bouvardia | JansenAl2023
Canthium | WilliaWa1990
Cinchona | Ali1971 Green1930c
Coffea | Almeid1973b Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Coffea arabica | GonzalAt1984
Coffea liberica | Newste1911a
Coprosma | HodgsoHe2000
Coprosma montana | Nakaha1981a
Gardenia | Nakaha1981a
Gardenia jasminoides | Ali1971 Ballou1926 GillNaWi1977 | (= Gardenia florida)
Ixora | Nakaha1981a
Ixora coccinea | Ballou1926 | (= Ixora bandhuca.and Ixora coccinea var. lutea)
Nauclea orientalis | LinTaKo2017 | (= Sarcocephalus coadunatus)
Neolamarckia cadamba | WilliaWa1990 | (= Platanocephalus morindaefolius)
Oxyanthus speciosus | Hodgso1967
Pentas | HodgsoHi1990
Psychotria nervosa | MestreHoHa2015
Psychotria rufipes | Kuwana1902a LincanHoCa2010
Timonius | WilliaWa1990

Rutaceae

Citrus | Ali1971 Almeid1973b Argyri1983 Aziz1977 Balach1927 Balach1931a Balach1939 Balach1957c Ballou1926 Bodenh1924 Borg1932 Brain1920a DeLott1959 DeLott1965a EtiennMa1993 FrancoPa1991 GonzalAt1984 Granar1999 Green1904d Green1937 Hall1935 Hodgso1967 Hodgso1969a Hodgso1994a HodgsoHi1990 KfirRo1980 Kirkal1904 KozarHuFo1989 KozarOrKo1977 KozarPaPa1991 Matile1984c Nakaha1981a Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 SengonUyKa1998 ShafeeYoKh1989 SmithBeBr1997 UygunSeEr1998
Citrus aurantiifolia | Nakaha1983 PadillMaNa2016 WilliaBu1987
Citrus aurantium | Almeid1973b Ballou1926 BenDov1971 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1926 Bodenh1928 Bodenh1935 Bodenh1944b DeLott1959 DeLott1967a EzzatHu1969 GonzalAt1984 Green1917a Hall1922 Hodgso1967 King1903b Kirkal1902 Kirkal1904 Nakaha1983 Newste1910c TerGri1954
Citrus hystrix | Ballou1926 | (= Citrus histrix)
Citrus japonica | TangLi1988 | (= Fortunella margarita)
Citrus limon | Bodenh1924 DeLott1959 EzzatHu1969 GonzalAt1984 Granar1999 Green1923b Nakaha1983 Newste1917b Potaev1993 TerGri1954
Citrus maxima | DeLott1959 | (= Citrus grandis)
Citrus medica | Hall1922
Citrus paradisi | BenDov1971 GonzalAt1984
Citrus reticulata | BenDov1971 DeLott1959 TerGri1954 | including Citrus reticulata × sinensis (Citrus nobilis)
Citrus sinensis | MifsudMaRu2014
Citrus trifoliata | Stalaz2021 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
Citrus unshiu | Suh2020
Melicope | Nakaha1981a | (= Pelea)
Murraya | HodgsoHi1990
Murraya koenigii | JansenAl2023 | (=Bergera koenigii)
Rutaceae | DanzigKo1990
Skimmia | Suh2023
Swinglea glutinosa | Ballou1926 | (= Chaetospermum glutinosa)

Salicaceae

Dovyalis caffra | DeLott1959 | (= Aberia caffra)
Populus | Granar1999
Populus alba | BenDov1971
Populus suaveolens | BatsanKaKi2017
Salix babylonica | Ballou1926

Santalaceae

Korthalsella | Varshn1992
Korthalsella lindsayi | HenderSuRo2010
Phoradendron californicum | LinKoGu2013
Santalum haleakalae | Nakaha1981a
Viscum | BenDov2012
Viscum album | BatsanKaKi2017
Viscum cruciatum | BenDov1971

Sapindaceae

Acer campestre | BatsanKaKi2017
Acer negundo | Suh2020
Acer palmatum | JansenAl2023
Acer pseudoplatanus | UlgentDo2019
Dimocarpus longan | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983 | (= Euphoria longana)
Litchi chinensis | Waite1986
Melicoccus bijugatus | JansenAl2023
Nephelium lappaceum | HernanNiMa2011
Nephelium ramboutan-ake | Ali1971 TaoWoCh1983
Pometia pinnata | WilliaWa1990

Sapotaceae

Chrysophyllum cainito | Ballou1926
Manilkara zapota | Ballou1926 | (= Achras sapota, Lucuma mammosa)
Pouteria | GillNaWi1977 | (= Calocarpum)
Pouteria campechiana | Ballou1926 | (= Lucuma nervosa)
Sapotaceae | GillNaWi1977

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga stolonifera | Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 | (= Saxifraga sarmentosa)

Scrophulariaceae

Myoporum | DeLott1959 Green1923b
Myoporum laetum | HodgsoHe2000 Willia2013

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella | Nakaha1981a

Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus altissima | MazzeoLoRu1994 | (= Ailanthus glandulosa)

Solanaceae

Capsicum frutescens | WilliaWa1990
Cestrum latifolium | JansenAl2023
Cestrum parqui | Granar1999
Datura metel | BenDov1993
Lycium | CarnerPe1986
Physalis | HodgsoHi1990
Solanum aviculare | HodgsoHe2000
Solanum laxum | DeLott1959 | (= Solanum jasminoides)
Solanum villosum | BenDov1971

Strelitziaceae

Strelitzia reginae | BenDov2012

Styracaceae

Styrax officinalis | BenDov1971

Taxaceae

Taxus baccata | UlgentOz2019

Theaceae

Camellia | DeLott1959 Hodgso1969a Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Camellia japonica | TaoWoCh1983
Camellia sinensis | Ali1971 DeLott1959 Granar1999 Green1904d Green1937 Hodgso1967 ShafeeYoKh1989

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea | HodgsoHe2000

Tropaeolaceae

Tropaeolum majus | Granar1999

Ulmaceae

Ulmus minor | Moghad2013a | (= Ulmus campestris)

Urticaceae

Pellionia | HodgsoHi1990
Pilea | Cocker1897k Green1923b Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995 Nakaha1981a

Verbenaceae

Duranta erecta | BenDov1971 | (= Duranta repens)
Rhaphithamnus spinosus | KozarzRe1975

Vitaceae

Cissus verticillata | Ballou1926 | (= Cissus sicyoides)
Rhoicissus tridentata | Hodgso1967
Vitis vinifera | BenDov1971 EzzatHu1969 Granar1999 Hall1923 Hall1935 Mamet1943a

Zingiberaceae

Alpinia mutica | Nakaha1981a
Alpinia nutans | Ali1971 Green1904d Green1937
Alpinia purpurata | WilliaBu1987
Curcuma longa | WilliaWa1990
Etlingera elatior | WilliaWa1990 | (= Nicolaia speciosa)
Hedychium coronarium | Ballou1926 CarnerPe1986

Foes:

Families: 9 | Genera: 27

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus | BasheeAsRa2014 SengonUyKa1998
Coccophagus anthracinus | Comper1925
Coccophagus basalis | RamosSaCo2018
Coccophagus bivittatus | MyartsRuCo2016a
Coccophagus ceroplastae | SangmaDaSi2015
Coccophagus cowperi | Bartle1978
Coccophagus fallax | RamosSaCo2018
Coccophagus flavifrons | MyartsRuCo2016
Coccophagus gondolae | Castel1951 | (= Aneristus gondalae)
Coccophagus immaculatus | MyartsRuCo2016
Coccophagus lunulatus | SmailiAbBo2013
Coccophagus lycimnia | BasheeAsRa2014 Bolu2012 RakimoHoMa2015
Coccophagus matsuyamensis | Viggia1980
Coccophagus pulvinariae | MyartsRu2000
Coccophagus quaestor | MyartsRu2011
Coccophagus rusti | MyartsRu2011
Coccophagus scutellaris | ArgyriStMo1976 Bartle1978 Jarray1975 MyartsRu2011
Coccophagus semicircularis | BernalLuMo1998 RakimoHoMa2015
Coccophagus shillongensis | DervisStGr2021
Lounsburyia trifasciata | Comper1925 | (= Coccophagus trifasciatus)
Marietta leopardina | KfirRo1980 | (= Marietta javensis)
Marietta mexicana | MyartsRu2000

Araliaceae

Polyscias | Suh2023

Chrysopidae

Chrysoperla carnea | DervisDrGr2024

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus angolensis | Bartle1978
Chilocorus bipustulatus | PonsonCo2007
Chilocorus nigritus | PonsonCo2007
Coccinella septempunctata | DervisDrGr2024
Exochomus quadripustulatus | DervisDrGr2024

Cordycipitaceae

Lecanicillium lecanii | MilleHeCa2016

Encyrtidae

Ammonoencyrtus californicus | Comper1925 | (= Eusemion californicum)
Anicetus annulatus | MyartsRu2011
Aphycus | BasheeAsRa2014
Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | RamosSaCo2018
Cheiloneurus | RakimoHoMa2015
Diversinervus elegans | Rivnay1944
Encyrtus | BasheeAsRa2014
Encyrtus aurantii | ArgyriStMo1976 Bartle1978 BlumbeGo1992 MyartsRu2011 Rivnay1944 | (= Encyrtus lecaniorum)
Encyrtus infelix | Blumbe1997 BlumbeGo1992
Encyrtus swederi | Kobakh1956
Gahaniella saissetiae | MyartsRuCo2016a
Metaphycus | BasheeAsRa2014
Metaphycus alberti | KondoWaGa2022
Metaphycus angustifrons | Bartle1978
Metaphycus claviger | DavoodTaRa2004
Metaphycus davoodii | FallahJa2017
Metaphycus flavus | ArgyriStMo1976 Blumbe1997 SengonUyKa1998
Metaphycus helvolus | Blumbe1997 BlumbeDe1981
Metaphycus indicus | FallahJaSa2021
Metaphycus lounsburyi | GuerriNo2000
Metaphycus luteolus | Blumbe1997 Flande1953a
Metaphycus pulvinariae | DavoodTaFa2004
Metaphycus stanleyi | Bartle1978 BernalLuMo1998 Blumbe1997 BlumbeDe1981
Metaphycus swirskii | Blumbe1997
Microterys ericeri | FallahJa2017
Microterys nietneri | Bartle1978 KfirRo1980 Rivnay1944 Schmut1955b | (= Microterys flavus, Microterys frontatus)
Microterys nuticaudatus | DavoodTaFa2004
Microterys seyon | Guerri1996
Microterys tricoloricornis | Rivnay1944
Parechthrodryinus coccidiphagus | PriesnHo1940 | (= Protyndarichus coccidiphagus)
Trichomasthus albimanus | FallahJa2017

Eulophidae

Aprostocetus | MohameBaAb2013
Baryscapus | BasheeAsRa2014
Dzhanokmenia kozlovi | BasheeAsRa2014
Tetrastichus | BasheeAsRa2014

Noctuidae

Eublemma scitula | GaikwaKeKa2022
Eublemma scitulum | Rivnay1944

Pteromalidae

Scutellista caerulea | BadaryAb2011

Associates:

Families: 1 | Genera: 10

Formicidae

Camponotus | LinTaKo2017
Camponotus rufoglaucus | GithaeOnNd2020
Cataulacus brevisetosus | GithaeOnNd2020
Crematogaster castanea | GithaeOnNd2020
Crematogaster dohrni | TurgutUl2007
Crematogaster peringueyi | GuindaNoWo2017
Crematogaster scutellaris | MifsudFsMa2012
Linepithema humile | McCallMiHo2022
Myrmicaria opaciventris | GithaeOnNd2020
Oecophllya smaragdina | TurgutUl2007
Oecophylla longinoda | GithaeOnNd2020 VayssiGrSi2020
Pheidole megacephala | ZettleZeRi2012
Pseudomyrmex simplex | ZettleZeRi2012
Technomyrmex vitiensis | Malump2011a

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 180

Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996 Siddiq1966

Algeria | Balach1927 Kirkal1902 Mamet1943a

American Samoa | BenDov1993

Angola | Almeid1969 Almeid1973b DeLott1967a

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua | PollarAl1986

Argentina | Mamet1943a

Buenos Aires | Granar1999
Chaco | Granar1999
Corrientes | Granar1999
Entre Rios | Granar1999
Jujuy | GranarCl2003
Mendoza | Granar1999
Misiones | Granar1999
Rio Negro | Granar1999
Salta | Granar1999
Santa Fe | Granar1999
Tucuman | Granar1999

Armenia | TerGri1954 TerGri1966a

Ascension Island | MalumpWhHa2015 WilliaMe2007

Australia | DeLott1959 Frogga1915 Kirkal1902 Mamet1943a

Australian Capital Territory | LinKoGu2013
New South Wales | LinKoGu2013
Northern Territory | SmithBeBr1997
Queensland | SmithBeBr1997
South Australia | RakimoBeWh2013 SmithBeBr1997
Tasmania | KondoWaGa2022
Victoria | RakimoBeWh2013 SmithBeBr1997
Western Australia | RakimoBeWh2013 SmithBeBr1997

Austria | Malump2011a

Azerbaijan | KondoWaGa2022

Azores | LopesFiMa2008

Bahamas | KondoWaGa2022

Balearic Islands

Majorca | Balach1935b GomezM1946 GomezM1954 GomezM1957 GomezM1958b

Bangladesh | Varshn1992

Barbados | KondoWaGa2022

Belgium | DeLott1959 Hodgso1994a LongoMaPe1995

Belize | KondoWaGa2022

Benin | VayssiGrSi2020

Bermuda | HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991

Bhutan | KondoWaGa2022

Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Mamet1943a

Brazil

Amazonas | MartinFoCu2015
Bahia | MartinFoCu2015
Ceara | MartinFoCu2015
Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) | RibeirTa2021
Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2007 MartinCuWo2004
Maranhao | RamosSaCo2018
Para | MartinFoCu2015
Rio Grande do Norte | MartinFoCu2015
Rio Grande do Sul | BenDov1993
Rio de Janeiro | MartinFoCu2015
Santa Catarina | MartinFoCu2015
Sao Paulo | BenDov1993

Bulgaria | KozarTzVi1979 TrenchTrTo2010

Burkina Faso | KondoWaGa2022

Burma (=Myanmar) | Ali1971

Cameroon | Vayssi1913

Canada | King1901f Mamet1943a

Alberta | BenDov1993
British Columbia | KozarHuFo1989 Treher1915

Canary Islands | BenDov2013 Lindin1911a PerezGCa1987

Cape Verde | Fernan1975 SchmutPiKl1978 VanHarCoWi1990

Central African Republic | KondoWaGa2022

Chile | Kirkal1902 KondoGu2010 Mamet1943a RipaLaRo2008a

Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020

China

Hunan | HuHeWa1992
Shanxi (=Shansi) | Xie1998
Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
Xizang (=Tibet) | Tang1991

Christmas Island | AbbottGr2007

Colombia | Kondo2001 Kondo2008a LongoMaPe1995

Congo | KondoWaGa2022

Cook Islands | WilliaWa1990

Corsica | Foldi2003

Costa Rica | KondoWaGa2022

Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | KondoWaGa2022

Crete | PellizPoSe2011

Croatia | Masten2007

Cuba | Ballou1926 MestreHaEv2011

Cyprus | SismanUl2010

Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | BenDov1993

Denmark | DeLott1959

Dominica | KondoWaGa2022

Dominican Republic | JansenAl2023

Easter Island | KondoWaGa2022

Ecuador | BenDov1993

Egypt | EzzatHu1969 Hall1922 Hall1923 Hall1924a Mamet1943a

El Salvador | QuezadCoDi1972

Eritrea | DeLott1959 | HussaiAhTe2017 | DeLott1959

Estonia | Stalaz2021

Ethiopia | DeLott1959 DeLott1965a

Federated States of Micronesia

Caroline Islands | BenDov1993

Fiji | WilliaWa1990

France | Balach1931a Balach1933e Balach1939 Foldi2000 Hodgso1994a

French Guiana | KondoWaGa2022

French Polynesia | WilliaWa1990

Tahiti | KondoWaGa2022

Galapagos Islands | CaustoPeSi2006 Frogga1915 LincanHoCa2010

Gambia | KondoWaGa2022

Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1993

Germany | Schonf2015

Ghana | KondoWaGa2022

Greece | Argyri1967 Argyri1983 Bodenh1928 Kozar1985 KozarPaPa1991

Guadeloupe | Balach1957c

Guatemala | Willia2010

Guiana | Remill1988

Guyana (=British Guiana) | Kondo2013 |

Haiti | PerezG2008

Hawaiian Islands

Hawaii | Kirkal1902 Kirkal1904 Mamet1943a

Honduras | KondoWaGa2022

Hungary | Kozar1980 Kozar1991 KozarKoFe2013 KozarOrKo1977

India | Ali1971 Green1908a Mamet1943a Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989

Andhra Pradesh | AvasthSh1991
Assam | Varshn1992
Bihar | Ali1971 AvasthSh1991
Goa | Ali1971 Ali1973 AvasthSh1991
Gujarat | AvasthSh1991
Himachal Pradesh | KondoWaGa2022
Jammu & Kashmir | AvasthSh1991
Karnataka | AvasthSh1991 PrakasPa2015
Kerala | AvasthSh1991 NairMe1963
Madhya Pradesh | KondoWaGa2022
Maharashtra | KondoWaGa2022
NCT Delhi | KondoWaGa2022
Odisha (=Orissa) | Varshn1992
Punjab | KondoWaGa2022
Tamil Nadu | AvasthSh1991
Tripura | Ali1971 AvasthSh1991
Uttar Pradesh | AvasthSh1991
West Bengal | AvasthSh1991 Green1908a

Indonesia | BenDov1993

Bali | JansenAl2023
Irian Jaya |
Java | KondoWaGa2022
Sulawesi (=Celebes) | WatsonMuSh2014
Sumatra | Ali1971

Iran | Bodenh1944b KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2013 TorabiVaHo2010

Iraq | Aziz1977 Bodenh1943

Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013

Israel | BenDov1993 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1935 KfirRo1980 Rosen1966

Italy | Hodgso1994a LongoMaPe1995

Sicily | Liotta1970

Jamaica | Cocker1893k Cocker1899n Kirkal1902

Japan | DeLott1959 Kirkal1904 Mamet1943a

Honshu | KondoWaGa2022
Kyushu | KondoWaGa2022
Shikoku | KondoWaGa2022

Jordan | BenDov2006a

Kenya | DeLott1959 Newste1917b

Kiribati | WilliaWa1990

Laos |

Latvia | Rasina1955

Lebanon | BenDov1993

Libya | Martin1954

Luxembourg | GertssSc2020

Madagascar | Mamet1954

Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011 Green1923b

Malawi | DeLott1959 Hodgso1969a | DeLott1959

Malaysia | Ali1971 Suh2023

Sabah | KondoWaGa2022
Sarawak | KondoWaGa2022

Maldives | WatsonOoGi1995

Mali | MuniapWaVa2012

Malta | Borg1932 MifsudMaRu2014

Marshall Islands | BenDov1993

Martinique | Balach1957c

Mauritius | DeLott1959 Mamet1936 Mamet1943a

Mexico | Cocker1899n GonzalAt1984 Mamet1943a MyartsRu2000

Colima | Cocker1903a
Morelos | PadillMaNa2016
Nuevo Leon | PadillMaNa2016
San Luis Potosi | PadillMaNa2016
Tamaulipas | PadillMaNa2016
Veracruz | Cocker1899n

Morocco | Mamet1943a Rungs1970 Vayssi1920

Nepal | KondoWaGa2022

Netherlands | Hodgso1994a

New Caledonia | WilliaWa1990

New Zealand | Cocker1893k HenderSuRo2010 Kirkal1902 Mamet1943a | Willia2013

Nicaragua | KondoWaGa2022

Niger | KondoWaGa2022

Nigeria | DeLott1959 | DeLott1959

Niue | KondoWaGa2022

Norfolk Island | WilliaWa1990

North Korea | KondoWaGa2022

Northern Mariana Islands | BenDov1993

Oman | KondoWaGa2022

Pakistan | Varshn1992

Palau | BenDov1993

Panama | BenDov1993

Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1990

Paraguay | KondoWaGa2022

Peru | Beders1969

Philippines | BenDov1993

Poland | LagowsGo2020

Portugal | CarvalFrAg1996 Fernan1992 Hodgso1994a KozarFr1995

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | Martor1976 NakahaMi1981

Republic of the Congo | DeLott1959 | KondoWaGa2022

Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1952 Mamet1957

Romania | Kozar1985 Teodor2018

Russia

St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | CABI1972

Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | KinjoNaHi1996

Saint Croix | Beatty1944

Saint Helena | BenDov1993

Saint Lucia | Malump2012b

Sardinia | Melis1930 Pelliz2011

Saudi Arabia | Beccar1971

Senegal | EtiennMa1993

Serbia | DervisDrGr2024

Seychelles | Green1914d | NeumanODGu2016

Aldabra Island | Green1907 WilliaMa2009b

Sierra Leone | DeLott1959

Singapore | Suh2023

Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010

Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1990

Somalia | Schmut1964

South Africa | Anneck1966 Brain1920a Cocker1894t DeLott1959 Kirkal1902 Mamet1943a

South Korea | ChoJeKa2013 ESKSAE1994

Spain | LinKoGu2013

Sri Lanka | Ali1971 DeLott1959 Green1904d Green1937 Mamet1943a

Subantarctic islands

Tristan da Cunha | CABI2020

Sudan | DeLott1959

Suriname | BenDov1993

Sweden | BenDov1993

Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994

Syria | BasheeAsRa2014 Bodenh1926

Taiwan | Ali1971 Mamet1943a WongChCh1999

Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | KondoWaGa2022

Tanzania | DeLott1959 Green1916a Mamet1943a Newste1911a

Thailand | Ali1971 LongoMaPe1995

Togo | KondoWaGa2022

Tokelau | KondoWaGa2022

Tonga | WilliaWa1990

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad | Cocker1896h Cocker1896k

Tunisia | Jarray1970 Mamet1943a

Turkey | Bodenh1953 Hodgso1994a KaydanUlEr2007 SengonUyKa1998 Tuncyu1970 UygunSeEr1998

Turkmenistan

Ashkahabad Oblast | Archan1930 Potaev1993

Tuvalu | WilliaWa1990

U.S. Virgin Islands | BenDov1993 | KondoWaGa2022

Uganda | DeLott1959 Newste1910c

Ukraine

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | BenDov1993
Odessa Oblast | CABI1972

United Kingdom

Channel Islands | Green1925b
England | DeLott1959 Green1917a Green1920 Green1928 Newste1900a Newste1917
England | Green1928a MalumpBa2012
Northern Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013

United States

Alabama | KondoWaGa2022
Arizona | KondoWaGa2022
California | Ferris1920b
Florida | HamonWi1984
Georgia | KondoWaGa2022
Indiana | DietzMo1916a
Iowa | BenDov1993
Kentucky | VillanGaAh2021
Louisiana | KondoWaGa2022
Maine | King1903b
Maryland | Koszta1996
Massachusetts | King1899b
Mississippi | KondoWaGa2022
Missouri | BenDov1993
New Mexico | KondoWaGa2022
North Carolina | KondoWaGa2022
Oregon | SchuhMo1948
Pennsylvania | KondoWaGa2022
South Carolina | KondoWaGa2022
Tennessee | BenDov1993
Texas | Dean1955
Utah | KondoWaGa2022
Virginia | WilliaKo1972
Washington | KondoWaGa2022
West Virginia | KondoWaGa2022
Wyoming | BenDov1993

Uruguay | KondoWaGa2022

Uzbekistan | SobiroZoQa2024

Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaBu1987

Venezuela | KondoWaGa2022

Vietnam | DanzigKo1990

Western Samoa | WilliaWa1990

Yugoslavia | Kozar1983a

Zambia | Hodgso1969a

Zanzibar | KondoWaGa2022

Zimbabwe | DeLott1959 DeLott1965a Hall1935 Hodgso1967 Hodgso1969a

Keys

CaoWaHo2022: pp.126 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccus species in China]
DubeyKaJo2022: pp.514 ( Adult (F) ) [species of Coccus infesting Areca catechu in Karnataka]
Hodgso2020: pp.221-223 ( Adult (M) ) [Coccidae species]
LagowsHo2019: pp.382-384 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccus species from Africa]
ChoiLe2018: pp.122-123 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccus in Korea]
KondoMoDi2018: pp.381-382 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae associated with Rosmarinus]
ChoiSoLe2018: pp.6-7 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae in Laos]
MohammMo2013: pp.146-148 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]
WangFe2012a: pp.61 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]
KondoGu2010: pp.13-14 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae species of Chile]
HodgsoHe2000: pp.195 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand]
Koszta1996: pp.337 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
Tang1991: pp.77 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
WilliaWa1990: pp.82 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
Gill1988: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]
HamonWi1984: pp.38 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Florida]
TaoWoCh1983: pp.63 ( Adult (F) ) [Taiwan]
Kawai1980: pp.141-142 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
EzzatHu1969: pp.372 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
Beards1966: pp.483 ( Adult (F) ) [Micronesia]
DeLott1959: pp.153-154 ( Adult (F) ) [Ethiopian Coccus sp.]
Borchs1957: pp.294 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Zimmer1948: pp.294 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]

Remarks

Systematics: Subfamily: Coccinae A, Coccini (Choi & Lee, 2019) The complete mitogenome sequence of Coccus hesperidum was deposited in GenBank (accession number: OR167606). (Hou, et al., 2023)
The taxonomy of this species has been refined and, more or less, stabilized only since the studies of De Lotto (1959, 1965). Therefore, most earlier descriptions and illustrations are inadequate for a good definition of C. hesperidum.Ben-Dov (1993) erroneously indicated that type material of Coccus patellaeformis Curtis, 1843 was lost. However, Ken Walker (Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia) in personal communication (May 2002) to Yair Ben-Dov, informed that the types are deposited in the Victoria Museum.
Hodgson (1967) and Gill et al. (1977) found considerable morphological variation in some distinctive features, such as the ventral tubular ducts and the dorsal submarginal tubular ducts. Giliomee (1967) described and illustrated the adult male, based on material collected in St. Petersburg [=Leningrad], Russia from Laurus nobilis and from "citrus".
The redescription and illustration of the female, named Calymnatus hesperidum by Valemberg (1980), appears to be a misidentification of a Coccus sp., which is different from C. hesperidum.
Blair et al. (1964) analyzed the intraspecific variation of 18 characters of the adult female. Considerable variation in the morphology, such as ventral tubular ducts, dorsal submarginal tubular ducts and dorsal setal shape, suggests that C. hesperidum as presently understood may be a cryptic species complex. Recently, based on the morphology of the adult female and DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear loci, a species that closely resembles C. hesperidum, namely Coccus praetermissus Lin & Tanaka, was described, which can be separated morphologically from C. hesperidum only by the dorsal setae having bluntly rounded tips (quite sharply pointed in C. hesperidum). (Kondo, Watson & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2022)
Structure: The adult female is oval, flat or slightly convex. Young adult yellowish-green to yellowish-brown, flecked with brown spots, which occasionally coalesce into mottled areas. The crawlers are produced by the female into a chamber beneath the ventral derm. Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.9, a,b), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Katsoyannos (1996), Wong et al. (1999), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Germain et al., (2003). Intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters in adult female studied by Lagowska (2001).
Biology: Females were reported to reproduce parthenogenetically in most areas. Males were not observed in California, Israel, South Africa. However, males, reported to belong to this species, were observed in England (Newstead, 1917a) and in greenhouse population in USSR (Saakyan-Baranova, 1964). Develops six annual generations in Israel (Bodenheimer, 1951a; Avidov & Harpaz, 1969); 3-5 generations in USA, southern California (Ebeling, 1959). Life history in Spain described by Llorens Climent (1984). Annecke (1966) reported that the female moults only twice before maturity. However, this might be an erroneous observation, because females in other species of Coccus as well as in most other genera develop through three larval instars. Hart & Ingle (1971) observed increased fecundity after exposure to Methyl Parathion. Encapsulation of parasitoid eggs was studied by Blumberg (1977) and Blumberg & DeBach (1981). The encapsulation of eggs of Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) and of E. lecaniorum (Mayr) was determined by Blumberg & Goldenberg (1992).
Economic Importance: The brown soft scale is one of the highly polyphagous and most widely distributed soft scale species. It is regarded a citrus pest in several countries over different regions (Talhouk, 1975; Bartlett, 1978). An important pest of various fruit trees, ornamentals and in green houses (Ebeling, 1959). Lagowska (1995) reviewed the prospects of biological control in greenhouses. Coccus hesperidumwas found to be infesting orchids in Sikkim, India. (Sangma, et al., 2015)
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), De Lotto (1959, 1965), Hodgson (1967, 1994a), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gill et al. (1977), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Kosztarab (1996), Granara de Willink (1999), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Lagowska (2001). Description of adult female and first-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1957).

Illustrations

LucasPoDe2024

Citations

AbbottGr2007: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, 1238-1246
AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 29
AbdRabHaHu2001: biological control, distribution, host, 179-184
AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
AhnKiKi2020: distribution, host, 7
AlShamQu2024: natural enemies, 2
Alfons1875: taxonomy, 428
Ali1971: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21,24-25
Ali1973: distribution, host, 670-671
Almeid1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 147-148
Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 3
AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
AmouroCrGe2017: DNA sequencing, phylogenetics, phylogeny, 2-9
Anneck1966: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 205-227
Anneck1969: biological control, 849-854
AnneckMy1972: biological control, 227-274
AnneckMy1979: biological control, 143-150
Archan1929: distribution, host, 194
Archan1930: distribution, host, 79
Argyri1967: distribution, host, 68
Argyri1970: biological control, distribution, host, 57-65
Argyri1983: distribution, host, 364
ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 23
ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
AvasthSh1991: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 338-341
Aziz1977: distribution, host, 46-47
BadaryAb2011: biological control, distribution, host, 52-53
Badr2014: distribution, host, 51
Balach1927: distribution, host, 185
Balach1931a: distribution, host, 100
Balach1932d: distribution, host, taxonomy, xxix
Balach1932e: distribution, host, 237
Balach1933e: distribution, host, 5
Balach1935b: distribution, host, 264
Balach1939: distribution, host, 257
Balach1957c: distribution, host, 207
Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 19-20
Bartle1969: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 875-878
Bartle1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 60-62
BartleBa1964: biological control, life history, 496-503
BartleBa1966: biological control, life history, physiology, 42-45
BasheeAsRa2014: biological control, distribution, host, 48-52
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 254
Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 483-485
Beatty1944: distribution, host, 114-172
Beccar1971: distribution, host, 194
Beders1969: chemical control, distribution, host, 933-940
Bedfor1973: biological control, 4-11
Beingo1969d: biological control, 827-838
BenDov1993: catalog, 73-78
BenDov2006a: distribution, host, 206
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 25, 44
BenDov2013: distribution, illustration, 71
BenDovCa2006: distribution, host, 326
BenDovSa2015: distribution, host, 313
BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
BernalLuMo1998: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 510-518
BernalLuMo1999: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 191-204
BertelBa1966: distribution, host, 17-46
BlairBlBo1964: taxonomy, 129-134
Blumbe1976a: biological control, ecology, 1396-1397
Blumbe1977: biological control, ecology, life history, 185-192
Blumbe1997: biological control, ecology, 225-236
BlumbeDe1981: biological control, economic importance, life history, 73-79
BlumbeGo1992: biological control, life history, 57-65
Bodenh1924: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67-68
Bodenh1926: distribution, host, 44
Bodenh1928: distribution, host, 192
Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 249
Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 219
Bodenh1943: distribution, host, 12
Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 88
Bodenh1951a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 354-381
Bodenh1953a: distribution, host, 94
Bogo2003: chemistry, physiology, 593-599
BogoMa2000: chemistry, 589-595
Bolu2012: biological control, 110
BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 108
Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8147
Borchs1950: distribution, host, taxonomy, 144-146
Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 294-300
Borg1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 33-35
Borg1932: distribution, host, 15
BouhelDeDe1932: control, distribution, host, 1-60
Boulet1986: biological control, life history, physiology, 169-200
Brader1979: biological control, chemical control, 225
Brain1920a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3-4
BrainKe1917: distribution, host, 183
Brimbl1961: distribution, host, 1-2
Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 226
Brock1925: distribution, economic importance, host, 349,366
BrooksHaSm1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 513
Buchne1953: structure, taxonomy, 210-213
Buchne1965: structure, taxonomy, 232-233
BuitenMcBo2004: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 273-285
CABI2020: biological control, distribution, ecology, natural enemies,
CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 4, 7, 11
CaoWaHo2022: key, 126
CarmanElEw1954: chemical control, host, 1-11
CarmanEwJe1951: chemical control, host, 1-16
CarmanEwJe1956: chemical control,
CarmanEwJe1957: chemical control,
CarmanEwJe1958: chemical control,
CarmanEwJe1959: chemical control,
CarmanEwJe1960: chemical control,
CarmanEwJe1961: chemical control,
CarmanEwJe1962: chemical control,
CarmanEwRi1980: control, distribution, host, 14-77
CarvalFrAg1996: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 614
Castel1951: biological control, 89-92
Castel1951a: biological control, 95-98
CaustoPeSi2006: distribution, 137
CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 209
Cendan1937: biological control, 337-339
ChapotDe1964: distribution, economic importance, host,
CharleCoMu2005: distribution, host, 1-4
ChatteGhSe2000: distribution, host, life history, 229-233
ChoJeKa2013: distribution, host, 405
ChoiLe2018: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, morphology, 127, 128, 129
ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
ChoiSoLe2018: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29-30
Chou1947a: chemical control, taxonomy, 38
Cocker1893g: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 49,53
Cocker1893j: distribution, 254
Cocker1893k: distribution, host, taxonomy, 548
Cocker1893m: taxonomy, 161
Cocker1894d: taxonomy, 311
Cocker1894i: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18-19
Cocker1894o: taxonomy, 29-31
Cocker1894t: distribution, 178
Cocker1895u: distribution, taxonomy, 728
Cocker1896b: distribution, 331
Cocker1896h: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19
Cocker1896k: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, iv
Cocker1897p: description, taxonomy, 590-591
Cocker1898r: distribution, 240
Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 393
Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 10
Cocker1902p: distribution, 255
Cocker1903a: distribution, host, 162
Cocker1929b: taxonomy, 150
Cocker1933: taxonomy, 35
Comper1924: biological control, 13-23
Comper1925: biological control, 295-326
Comper1938: biological control, 315-337
Comper1947a: biological control, 281-283
Comper1961: biological control, 177
Comper1961a: biological control, 17-71
Comper1969: biological control, economic importance, 755-764
ComperAn1961: biological control, distribution, host, 17
Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 335
CorseuBa1971: distribution, host, 238
CulikMaVe2007: distribution, host, 1-5
Curtis1843a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 517-518
DahlstHa1999: economic importance, 919-933
DaneelMeJa1994: distribution, host, 72
Danzig1972: distribution, host, 200
Danzig1995: taxonomy, 21
DanzigKe1981a: taxonomy, 147-152
DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 44
DarvasVi1983: chemical control, 455-463
Das1959: distribution, host, 437-448
DavidsDiFl1991: chemical control, 1-47
DavoodTaFa2004: biological control, distribution, 51-66
DavoodTaRa2002a: biological control, distribution, host, 79-80
DavoodTaRa2004: biological control, distribution, 129-130
DavoodTaRa2004a: biological control, 887-899
DeBach1958: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, 187-194
DeBach1958a: biological control, 759-768
DeBachDiFl1951: biological control, 1,14,347-348
DeBachHuMa1976: biological control, 255-285
DeLott1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 152, 154, 160-164
DeLott1965a: distribution, host, 192
DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 111
DeitzTo1980: taxonomy, 31
DelGue1906: distribution, host, 257-263
Delucc1975: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host,
DengLiCh2016: economic importance, 3
DengYuWa2021: illustration, symbionts, 4
DervisDrGr2024: biological control, natural enemies, 254-257
DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 18,20
DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 245-246
DilleyDaGl2020: distribution, ecology,
Dougla1886b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 77-78
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 113
DubeyKaJo2022: distribution, host, key, 510, 512
Dzhash1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 179-180
ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 111
Ebelin1959: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host,
EhlerEn1984: biological control, chemical control, distribution, 1-47
Ehrhor1898: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 245
ElekciKa2021: distribution, host, 7
ElekciSe2007: biological control, distribution, host, 29-34
ElimemJeLa2022: distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies,
ElmerEwCa1951: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 593-597
ElsebaAh2017: distribution, host, 1072
ElzenKi1999: biological control, 253-270
EtiennMa1993: distribution, host, 255
EtzelLe1999: biological control, 125-197
Ewart1969: chemical control, 879-880
EwartCa1951: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-10
EwartCaJe1954: chemical control, 1-11
EwartEl1953a: distribution, economic importance, host, 352
EwartMe1956: chemistry, 441-447
EzzatHu1969: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 393-395
EzzatNa1987: distribution, 86
FDACS2010: distribution, host, 4
FallahJa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 13, 19, 20, 22, 23, 29, 33
FallahJaSa2021: natural enemies, 278
FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 73
Fernal1903b: 168-170,172-174
Fernan1972: distribution, host, 14-15
Fernan1973a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 258-261
Fernan1975: distribution, host, 43
Fernan1987a: distribution, host, 34
Fernan1992: distribution, host, 60
Ferris1920b: distribution, host, 36
Fiedle2003: control, distribution, host, 12-13
Flande1936b: biological control, 251-255
Flande1937: biological control, 401-422
Flande1938: biological control, 167-180
Flande1945a: biological control, distribution, host, 711-712
Flande1949a: biological control, 257-274
Flande1951b: biological control, 93-98
Flande1953a: biological control, 266-269
Flande1959b: biological control, 125-142
FlandeBa1964: biological control, 320-322
Fletch1951: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-24
FlintVa1981: biological control, 1
Foldi1978: structure, taxonomy, 155-163
Foldi1997: ecology, taxonomy, 205
Foldi2000: distribution, host, 82
Foldi2003: distribution, host, 150
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
Fonsec1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5-53,97-114
FrancoPa1991: distribution, host, 283
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 5,22
Frank2021: ecology, natural enemies, 7, 8
Frogga1915: distribution, host, taxonomy, 608
FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
FytizaKa1983: biological control, life history, 273-279
GaikwaKeKa2022: natural enemies, 4
GalchiYaNo2024: control, 2
Gavril2018: reproduction, 230
Gavril2021a: cytogenetics, nymph, 261
GelovaKh1983: taxonomy,
Georgh1977: distribution, 148
Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
GermaiDeLa2016: distribution, host, 2
GermaiMaPi2002: distribution, host, 254
GermaiMaPi2003: distribution, host, structure, 22
GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 22
Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 55-58
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 132
Gharbi2021: biology, distribution, host, structure, 5
Giliom1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 92-96
Gill1988: description, distribution, ecology, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 26-27,31
GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
GillNaWi1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8,11,18-24
GithaeOnNd2020: ant association,
GithaeOnNd2021: distribution, host, 81
Goeze1778: taxonomy, 332-333
Golan2008: life history, physiology,
Golan2008a: honeydew, life history, morphology, physiology, 111-121
GomesC1949: distribution, host,
GomezC1950: biological control, distribution, host, 1-18
GomezM1929: taxonomy, 4
GomezM1937: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 295-301
GomezM1946: distribution, host, 90
GomezM1954: distribution, host, 136
GomezM1957: distribution, host, 62
GomezM1958b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 63-70
GomezM1958c: distribution, host, 407
GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 182
GomezPBaLa2017: symbiont,
Gonzal1969: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 839-847
Gonzal1989: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 81-86
Gonzal2016: distribution, 14, 33, 204-206
GonzalAt1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 215-216
GoszczGo2011: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 114-115
Gourla1930a: biological control, 339-343
GradyRe1940: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 1-32
Granar1999: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 81-83
GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
Green1904d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 188-189,197,205
Green1907: distribution, host, 200
Green1908a: distribution, host, 30
Green1914d: distribution, host, 47
Green1916a: distribution, host, 375
Green1917a: distribution, host, 202-203
Green1920: distribution, host, 124-125
Green1923b: distribution, host, 88
Green1925b: distribution, host, 518
Green1928: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5
Green1928a: distribution, host, 30
Green1930c: distribution, host, 281
Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 298-300
GriffiTh1947: chemical control, distribution, host, 386-388
GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
GroveDeDa2013: distribution, host, 378
GruwelVoPa2005: endosymbionts, taxonomy, 79-114
Guerri1996: biological control, distribution, host, 107-111
GugliuMaMa2019: host, list, 4, 6
GuindaNoWo2017: ant association, diagnosis,
Guncan2015: distribution, host,
Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 126-128
Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18-19
Hall1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
Hall1924a: distribution, host, 9-10
Hall1935: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 74-75
HallFo1933: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-55
HamonWi1984: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 41-44
HarpazRo1971: biological control, economic importance, 458-468
Hart1896: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 156
HartIn1971: chemical control, physiology, 204-208
HartInGa1969: distribution, economic importance, host, 855-858
HartMy1968: control, ecology, life history, 617-624
Hayat1971: biological control, 421-432
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 85
Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 436
HenderSuRo2010: 2
HernanNiMa2011: host, 379-380
HickelDu1995: distribution, host, 665-668
Hoddle2004: biological control,
Hodgso1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 3-4
Hodgso1969a: distribution, host, 6
Hodgso1969c: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 19-21
Hodgso1994a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 182-185
Hodgso2020: key, 222
HodgsoHe2000: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 195-196,198
HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 2-6,8-10,12-22
HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 163
HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 20
HodgsoMi2002IMa: phylogeny, taxonomy, 511
HouWeZh2023: DNA, phylogenetics,
HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 185
Hui1988: biological control, 395-398
Hunter1899a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 75
HussaiAhTe2017: chemical control, distribution, natural enemies, 1226-1230
Iperti1961: biological control, 14-30
Ishii1926: biological control, 31-36
Jahan1999: distribution, host, life history, 87-92
JamesStOM1997: biological control, distribution, host, 257-259
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 125
Jansen1995: distribution, host, 134,141
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 23,32
JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 62
Jarray1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 85-89
Jarray1975: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 415-456
Jarray1981: biological control, 51-63
JaszaiDa1983: chemical control, 198-202
KakotiDeRo2022: biology, distribution, host, list, 7
KansuUy1979: biological control, distribution, host, 565-567
KapranMiLu2004: biological control, chemistry, life history, 113-117
KapranMoPa2007: biological control, natural enemies,
KapranTe2015: illustration, natural enemies, 196
KapranWaLu2009: biological control, life history, 652-662
Katsoy1996: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 15,20,81-82
Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 2
Kawai1972: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 11
Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 143
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 91
KfirPoRo1975: biological control, life history, 707-709
KfirPoRo1976: biological control, life history, 287-295
KfirRo1980: biological control, distribution, host, 223-237
KfirRo1980a: biological control, distribution, host, 114-115
KfirRo1981: biological control, 141-150
KfirRoPo1983: biological control, life history, 320-328
KhaladBoMa2024: distribution, species richness, survey,
KhaladGu2019: distribution, ecology,
King1899b: distribution, host, 140
King1901f: distribution, host, taxonomy, 194
King1903b: distribution, host, 191
KinjoNaHi1996: distribution, host, 126
Kiritc1928: distribution, host, 114
Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 252
Kiritc1935: distribution, host, 2
Kiritc1936: distribution, 73
Kirkal1902: distribution, host, taxonomy, 105
Kirkal1904: distribution, host, taxonomy, 228
Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 41
Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
Kondo2013: distribution, host, 45
KondoGu2010: distribution, host, 13
KondoLoQu2010: biological control, 7-13
KondoMoDi2018: host, key, 381
KondoMu2016: disease transmission, distribution, host, illustration, 9-10
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 10
KondoWaGa2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 249-251
Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 337-338,342
Koteja1974a: taxonomy, 249
Koteja1974b: distribution, 82
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 67
Kozar1983a: distribution, 146
Kozar1985: distribution, host, 201-202
Kozar1991: distribution, host, 81
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 65
KozarFr1995: distribution, host, 71
KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 154
KozarHuFo1989: distribution, host, 73
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 52
KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 72
KozarPaPa1991: distribution, host, 65
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 82, 94, 109, 128, 146, 164
KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 130
KozarWa1985: catalog, 76
Kozarz1992: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 264-266
KozarzRe1975: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 23
KreiteAuGe2006: distribution, economic importance, host, 143
Kuwana1902: distribution, host, taxonomy, 64
Kuwana1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 192
Kuwana1909a: distribution, host, 159
Kuwana1931b: distribution, host, 165
KwonHaCh2005: distribution, 52-60
Lagows1995: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 5-10
Lagows1995a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 375-378
Lagows2001: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 105-112
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 67
LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 8
LagowsHo2019: key, 382-384
Laing1927: distribution, host, 38
LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 79
Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 196-197
LeonEvCa2001: biological control, distribution, host, 143-146
LeonKo2017: biological control, chemical control, diagnosis, host, illustration, natural enemies, 71-73
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 319-323
LinDiGu2017: DNA, distribution, genebank, phylogeny, 120
LinKoGu2013: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 251-252, 258
LinTaKo2017: DNA, distribution, morphology, taxonomy, 571-591
LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 4
Lindin1911a: distribution, host, 33
Lindin1912b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 71,93,98,160
Linnae1758: description, distribution, host, 455
Liotta1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 33
LiottaMiRa1977: economic importance, host, 29-67
LiuXiXu2011: anatomy, biological control, entomopathogenic fungi, 71-79
Lloren1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
LoBueFoMi2004: chemistry, ecology, physiology, 151-156
LoBueFoMi2004a: biological control, chemistry, life history, 127-132
LondonKoCa2014: distribution, host, 265, 268
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, host, 134, 141
LopesFiMa2008: distribution, host, 153-154
Lozzia1985: distribution, host, 122-124
LucasPoDe2024: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, illustration, record, 2
Mahbub1999: distribution, host, life history, 87-92
MalipaDuSm2000: biological control, 85,86
Malump2011a: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 50-53
Malump2012a: economic importance, 245
Malump2012b: distribution, 210
Malump2014a: distribution, host, 72
Malump2016: distribution, host, 245-251
MalumpBa2012: distribution, economic importance, host, 19-20,38,41
MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 50,53
MalumpRe2011: distribution, host, 69
MalumpWhHa2015: distribution, host, 135
Mamet1936: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 95-96
Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 152
Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, 24-25
Mamet1952: distribution, host, 171
Mamet1954: distribution, host, 13
Mamet1957: distribution, host, 374
MartUyAl1995: distribution, host,
Martin1954: distribution, host, 113-116
Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 68-69
MartinCuWo2004: distribution, host, 655-657
MartinFoCu2015: distribution, host,
MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, 35
Martor1976: distribution, host, 6,25,43,134,165,177
Maskel1897: distribution, host, taxonomy, 310-311
Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
MastenSeSi2016: host, list of species, 231-235
Matile1976: distribution, host, 295
Matile1984c: distribution, host, 220
MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 165
MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 63
MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 354
MazzeoLoRu1994: distribution, host, 205
MazzeoSuRu2008: distribution, host, 149-152
McCallMiHo2022: ant association, biological control,
Melis1930: distribution, host, 17
MessenVa1971: biological control, 68-92
MessenWiWh1976: biological control, 209
MestreHaEv2011: distribution, 6
MestreHoHa2015: distribution, host, 7
MestreKo2018: distribution, 5
MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
Meurge2011: distribution, 80
MifsudFsMa2012: distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, 16-18
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 503
MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 132
Miller1996: catalog, distribution, 70
Moghad2009: distribution, host, 6-7
Moghad2013a: distribution, illustration, 8
MohameBaAb2013: natural enemies,
MohammGh2008: distribution, 149
MohammMo2013: illustration, structure, 147, 153
Mohara1990: taxonomy, 48
MoharuBa2015: distribution, host, 103-104
MohyudMa1993: biological control, distribution, host, 467-483
Monast1958: control, economic importance, 131-165
Monast1962: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 101-108
Morris1929: distribution, host, 39
MumaSeDe1961: biological control, 1-39
MuniapWaVa2012: distribution, 4-6
MyartsRu2000: biological control, distribution, 7-33
MyartsRu2011: biological control, 65-72
MyartsRuCo2016a: natural enemies, 781
NAS1975: control,
Nair1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 72
NairMe1963: distribution, host, 139
Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 390
Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 4
NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 30
NakaoTaTa1977: biological control, distribution, host, 61-68
NeumanODGu2016: ant association, dispersal, distribution, host, 159-166
Neves1936: distribution, host, 205-206
Newste1892: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 141
Newste1900a: distribution, host, life history, 24
Newste1910c: distribution, host, 187
Newste1911a: distribution, host, 164
Newste1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 360-361
Newste1917b: distribution, host, 130
Nur1979: structure, taxonomy, 89-104
OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 33, 36
OberemLaGa2024: DNA, control,
OmerCoJoWh1946: biological control, 154
Oncuer1974: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 18-59
OrdoghRe1988: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 418-420
Ossian1959: distribution, host, 199
PadillMaNa2016: distribution, host, 554
Paik1972: distribution, host, 1-4
Panis1974a: biological control, 131-134
Panis1982: biological control, distribution, 12-22
Peleka1962: distribution, host, 60
Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60,71
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 294,297
PerezG2008: distribution, 212
PerezGCa1987: distribution, host, 127
Petch1921: biological control, 18-40
PettitMc1920: distribution, host, taxonomy, 16-17
Picard1919: host, 3
PicartMa2000: distribution, host, 14-20
PietriBiCo1969: chemical control, 909-915
PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
Podsia1983a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 272
PonsonCo2007: biological control, life history, 629-640
Potaev1993: distribution, host, 34, 37
Powell1986: biological control, distribution, host, 319-340
PrakasPa2015: distribution,
Pratt1958: distribution, host,
Quayle1911e: biological control, distribution, host, 510-515
QuezadCoDi1972: distribution, host, 20-22
RabbStVa1976: biological control, 233
RakimoBeWh2013: distribution, host, 372-375
RakimoHoMa2015: distribution, host, natural enemies,
Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, 33-35
Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 348,350
Ramakr1930: distribution, host, 46-47
RamosSaCo2018: distribution, host, natural enemies, 274
Rasina1955: distribution, host, 70
RayMcSt2012: host, 312
ReedHaIn1970: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, 792-794
Reh1903: distribution, host, 459
Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 44-45
Reider1988: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 217-218
Reinki1964: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 70-71
Remill1988: distribution, host, 55
RibeirTa2021: distribution, host, illustration,
RiehlBrMc1980: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 319
RipaLaRo2008a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 145-147
Rivnay1944: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 73-81
Rosen1966: biological control, distribution, host, 46-48
Rosen1969: biological control, distribution, host, 45-53
Rosen1979: biological control, distribution, host, 289-292
RugmanFoGu2010: biological control, 266
Rungs1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 91-94
RzaevaYa1985: biological control, 55-58
Saakya1964: distribution, host, life history, 268-296
Saakya1965: biological control, life history, 112-173
Salaza1999: control, 41
SalazaSo1990: distribution, host, 137
SanaeiAlYe2022: Wolbachia, 6
Sander1906: catalog, 8,10
Sander1909: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 436-438
SangmaDaSi2015: distribution, natural enemies, 249-252
Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 275-276
Schimi1944: distribution, host, 268-269
Schmut1952: distribution, host, life history, 552
Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 18
Schmut1955b: biological control, distribution, host, 518
Schmut1957a: distribution, host, 133-140
Schmut1964: distribution, host, 105-106
Schmut1969: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 106-108
Schmut1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 192
Schmut1990a: distribution, economic importance, host, 397
Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 33, 83
SchmutPiKl1978: distribution, economic importance, host, 329
SchuhMo1948: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, 36
Seabra1941: distribution, host, 8
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 104
SengonUyKa1998: biological control, distribution, host, 128-131
ShafeeYoKh1989: distribution, host, 51
ShirazVaMi2013: distribution, host, 1382
ShutovAnMu1985: biological control, distribution, 37
Siddiq1966: distribution, economic importance, host, 4-5
Siddiq1981: distribution, economic importance, host, 172-180
Signor1869: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 856,859,860,863
Signor1873a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 398-401
SilvadGoGa1968: biological control, catalog, distribution, host, 143
Silves1921: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-11
Simant1962a: biological control, distribution, host, 105-112
Simant1973: economic importance,
Simmon1957: catalog, distribution, host, 8
Simmon1969a: biological control, 765-767
SismanUl2010: distribution, host, 219-224
SkaptsSmKu2017: entomopathogenic fungi,
SmailiAbBo2013: biological control, 157
Smith1958: chemical control, distribution, host, 335-338
SmithBeBr1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 43-45
SmithFl1950: biological control, 362,376,378
SobiroQaTu2024: phylogeny, 199
SobiroZoQa2024: distribution, host, 130
Soroki1973: biological control, 599-609
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 472
Steinw1930: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 562-563
SternAdBe1976: biological control, 593
Steyn1958: biological control, distribution, host, 589-594
Stimme1976a: control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 13-14
Stimme1987: distribution, economic importance, host, 10-11
Stinne1977: biological control, 515
Su1982: distribution, 61
Suh2020: distribution, host, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 17, 19, 22
Suh2023: distribution, host, 4-5
SuhBo2015: distribution, host, list, 2
SuhSo2017: host, list of species, 3
Suomal1962: life history, physiology, 352
Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 78-80
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 468
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
TabataLo2002: chemical control, 30
Takaha1928: distribution, host, 341
Takaha1929: distribution, host, 50-51
Takaha1929a: distribution, host, 430
Takaha1932a: distribution, host, 103
Takaha1934: distribution, host, 36
Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 16-17
Takaha1942d: distribution, host, 353-354
Takaha1950: distribution, host, 71
Takaha1952: distribution, host, 14
Talhou1975a: distribution, host, 409
Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 72-73
Tang1984b: distribution, host, 126
Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 86-88
TangLi1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82-84,85
Tao1978: distribution, host, 80-81
Tao1989: catalog, distribution, host, 59
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 54
TaoWoCh1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65-66
Targio1884: distribution, host, 398
TenaNiHe2017: natural enemies,
Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 40, 50
TerGri1954: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 63
TerGri1966a: distribution, host, 373
Terezn1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 148-151
Thro1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 206-209,211-212
TorabiVaHo2010: distribution, host, 153-162
TrabouBe1965: biological control, distribution, host, 1-13
Treher1915: distribution, 35
Trembl1988a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 231-232
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 114-123
Tuncyu1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 67-80
TurgutUl2007: ant association, 313
Tyrell1896: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 267
UedaQuIt2008: distribution, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 2319-2326
Ulgent2001: biological control, distribution, host, 369-375
Ulgent2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 145-149
Ulgent2003: structure, 393-398
UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
UlgentCaKa2004: distribution, economic importance, host, 101-102
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 483
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 485
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S116
UlgentOz2019: diagnosis, distribution, host, 77
UlgentTo2001: distribution, host, 213-217
UnalAyKa2016: honeydew, host, 104
UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 49
UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
Valemb1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5-8
Valent1963: biological control, 6-13
Valent1967: biological control, 1100
VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 134
Varshn1984a: distribution, host, 140-141
Varshn1985a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26
Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 84-85
Varshn1994: distribution, host, 343
VarshnMo1987: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174
Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 430
Vayssi1920: distribution, host, 258
VayssiGrSi2020: ant association,
Vea2011: phylogeny, structure, taxonomy, 5-7,12
VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 64
VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
Vernal1953: distribution, host, 131-132
Vicido2007: distribution, host, 1-7
VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 95-97
Viggia1970a: distribution, economic importance, host, 47-55
Viggia1980: biological control, 45-49
VillanGaAh2021: distribution, economic importance, host,
Vinson1977: biological control, chemistry, life history, 237-279
WaageGr1986: biological control, 169-200
Waite1986: distribution, host, 42
WakuFo1984: structure, taxonomy, 303-322
WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 12
WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
Wang1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 27-29
Wang1981TC: distribution, host, 288
WangFe2012a: taxonomy, 61
Watson2021: distribution, 521
WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
WatsonOoGi1995: distribution, host, 55
Webber1897: biological control, chemical control, 53-58
WeseloBa1971: biological control, chemistry, distribution, host, 1259-1264
Westwo1840: taxonomy, 444
Willia1985a: catalog, taxonomy, 225
Willia1985c: distribution, host, 136
Willia2001: distribution, 225-227
Willia2007b: taxonomy, 444, 427-490
Willia2010: distribution, host, 146
Willia2013: distribution, host, 188
Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214
WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 8,22,26,27,30,31,32
WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 93
WilliaKo1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55-62
WilliaMa2009b: distribution, host, WilliaMa2009b
WilliaMe2007: distribution, host, 132
WilliaPa2012: taxonomy, 227-229
WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 89-93
Wise1977: distribution, host, 104
WoglumBo1921: biological control, distribution, host, 1-43
WoglumLaLa1947: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 818-820
WolfEw1955: chemistry, honeydew, 365-372
WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 12,50
Wood1962: biological distribution, distribution, 8-11
Xie1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65-67
XieLiXu2010: anatomy, biological control, 66-75
XieXuZh2006a: morphology, wax secretion, 21-112
Yang1982: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 166,168,169,191
YasnosTaCh2005: biological control, distribution, host, 229-302
Zahrad1977: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 118
ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 156
ZettleZeRi2012: host, 127-134
Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 301-306
deLeonFoHa2006: molecular biology, molecular data, 109-119
vanden2001a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 165-167