Valid Names Results
Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798) (Coccidae: Ceroplastes)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus ceriferus Fabricius 1798: 546. Type data: INDIA: Coromandel Coast, probably collected on Maytenus emarginatus.. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: For details on the type material see De Lotto, 1971.
- Coccus (Ceroplastes) chilensis Gray 1828: 7. Type data: CHILE: on branches and peduncles of unidentified tree.. Syntypes, preadult female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Green1899, 191).
- Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798); Walker 1852: 1087. change of combination
- Ceroplastes australiae Walker 1852: 1087. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Sydney. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Green1899, 191).
- Columnea cerifera (Fabricius, 1798); Targioni Tozzetti 1866: 144. change of combination
- Columnea chilensis (Gray, 1828); Targioni Tozzetti 1866: 145. change of combination
- Lacca alba Signoret 1869: 848. nomen nudum (discovered by BenDov1993, xxiii).
- Ceroplastes ceriferus; Signoret 1869: 848. subsequent use Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.
- Ceroplastes ceriferus; Signoret 1872a: 40. subsequent use Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.
- Ceroplastes australae; Green 1904b: 375. misidentification
- Seroplastes ceriferus; Seabra 1925: 32. misspelling of genus name
- Ceroplastes ceriferus; Kiritchenko 1932a: 248. subsequent use Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.
- Ceroplastes vayssierei Mahdihassan 1933: 561. replacement name that is unjustified
- Gascardia cerifera (Fabricius, 1798); De Lotto 1965a: 198. change of combination Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
- Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus; Paik 1978. misidentification
- Ceroplastes ceriferens (Fabricius, 1798); Tao 1978: 79. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
- Ceroplastes ceriferens (Fabricius, 1798); Su 1982: 61. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
- Ceroplastes cerifera (Fabricius, 1798); Gill 1988: 18. emendation that is unjustified
Common Names
- indian wax scale Gill1988 GimpelMiDa1974 HamonWi1984 Koszta1996
- escama de cera de la India PerontKo2022
- Indische Wachsshildlaus PerontKo2022
- tsuno-ro-mushi PerontKo2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 63 | Genera: 121
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | HamonWi1984
- Amaranthaceae
- Amaranthus | GimpelMiDa1974
- Anacardiaceae
- Buchanania | Ali1971 Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
- Mangifera indica | Ali1971 KinjoNaHi1996 ShafeeYoKh1989
- Schinus molle | QinGu1994
- Spondias purpurea | MatileEt2006
- Toxicodendron succedaneum | Kuwana1907 Kuwana1923c | (= Rhus succedanea)
- Apocynaceae
- Alstonia lanceolata | MilleHeCa2016
- Apocynaceae | ShafeeYoKh1989 | (= Asclepiadaceae)
- Carissa spinarum | Ali1971 ShafeeYoKh1989
- Cascabela thevetia | GimpelMiDa1974 | (= Thevetia peruviana)
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex aquifolium | GimpelMiDa1974 PencheYo2016
- Ilex cornuta | GimpelMiDa1974
- Ilex crenata | GimpelMiDa1974
- Ilex ficoidea | WuWa2019
- Ilex integra | Suh2020
- Ilex latifolia | GimpelMiDa1974
- Ilex opaca | GimpelMiDa1974
- Ilex serrata | GimpelMiDa1974
- Ilex vomitoria | GimpelMiDa1974
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | Lindin1911a
- Fatsia japonica | GimpelMiDa1974
- Hedera nepalensis | WuWa2019
- Hedera rhombea | Suh2020
- Asparagaceae
- Asteraceae
- Artemisia abrotanum | WilliaKo1972
- Artemisia capillaris | Ali1971
- Baccharis linearis | GaimarGoEl2024 | (= Baccharis rosmarinifolia)
- Chrysanthemum morifolium | Suh2020
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis | GimpelMiDa1974 | (= Mahonia)
- Berberis japonica | GimpelMiDa1974 | (= Ilex japonicus, Mahonia japonica)
- Berberis julianae | WilliaKo1972
- Berberis triacanthophora | WilliaKo1972
- Betulaceae
- Betula pendula | WilliaKo1972
- Bignoniaceae
- Pandorea pandorana | DeLott1971 | (= Pandora pandorana)
- Bruniaceae
- Berzelia | Suh2023
- Burseraceae
- Boswellia | Ali1971 Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
- Bursera simaruba | NakahaMi1981
- Buxaceae
- Buxus microphylla | Suh2020 | var. koreana
- Buxus sempervirens | GimpelMiDa1974
- Calycanthaceae
- Chimonanthus praecox | WuWa2019
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis occidentalis | WilliaKo1972
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina | Ali1971 Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
- Celastraceae
- Celastrus | Ali1971 Fabric1798 Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989 Targio1866 Westwo1853b
- Celastrus orbiculatus | Suh2020
- Euonymus alatus | PencheYo2016
- Euonymus europaeus | GimpelMiDa1974
- Euonymus japonicus | GimpelMiDa1974
- Clusiaceae
- Montrouziera | MilleHeCa2016
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia | Ali1971 Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989
- Cornaceae
- Swida alba | WuWa2019
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita moschata | GimpelMiDa1974
- Cupressaceae
- Dennstaedtiaceae
- Pteridium aquilinum | DeLott1971 | (= Pteris aquilina)
- Pteridium esculentum | DeLott1971 QinGu1994
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | DanzigKo1990 Kuwana1923c
- Diospyros lotus | WuWa2019
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus umbellata | Suh2020
- Ericaceae
- Kalmia | GimpelMiDa1974 | (= Azalea)
- Monotoca elliptica | DeLott1971
- Rhododendron schlippenbachii | Suh2020
- Vaccinium arboreum | GimpelMiDa1974
- Vaccinium myrtillus | SutterDeAn2021
- Fabaceae
- Cassia | Iherin1897
- Fagaceae
- Quercus myrsinifolia | Suh2020
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | MatileEt2006
- Hydrangeaceae
- Deutzia | WilliaKo1972
- Icacinaceae
- Phytocrene | Ali1971 Morris1920
- Lamiaceae
- Callicarpa | GimpelMiDa1974
- Callicarpa dichotoma | Suh2020
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum glanduliferum | WuWa2019
- Laurus nobilis | Suh2020
- Machilus thunbergii | Suh2020
- Neolitsea sericea | Suh2020
- Persea americana | Ali1971 DeLott1971 QinGu1994 | (= Persea gratissima)
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia indica | GimpelMiDa1974
- Lawsonia inermis | Ali1971 Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 ShafeeYoKh1989 | (= Lawsonia alba)
- Punica granatum | WuWa2019
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia denudata | WuWa2019
- Magnolia figo | WuWa2019 | (= Michelia figo)
- Magnolia grandiflora | WilliaKo1972
- Magnolia kobus | Suh2020
- Magnolia liliiflora | Suh2020 | (= Magnolia quinquepeta)
- Magnolia virginiana | HamonWi1984
- Magnolia x alba | WuWa2019 | (= Michelia alba)
- Malvaceae
- Abutilon indicum | AvasthSh1986 ShafeeYoKh1989
- Melastomataceae
- Melastoma malabathricum | Ali1971 | (= Melastoma candidum)
- Meliaceae
- Melia azedarach | Suh2020
- Moraceae
- Ficus | Ali1971 Beards1986 Green1909a Green1937 Morris1920
- Ficus hispida | WilliaMi2010
- Ficus montana | WilliaMi2010
- Ficus religiosa | ShafeeYoKh1989
- Ficus retusa | Ali1971
- Ficus septica | Ali1971 Morris1920 | (= Ficus hauili)
- Morus alba | Ali1971 Kuwana1923c
- Morus indica | Ali1971 Green1937 Varshn1992
- Streblus asper | Ali1971 Green1937
- Myrtaceae
- Eucalyptus deglupta | WilliaWa1990
- Melaleuca quinquenervia | MilleHeCa2016
- Rhodomyrtus tomentosa | Ali1971
- Syzygium aqueum | WilliaWa1990
- Syzygium jambos | WilliaWa1990 | (= Eugenia malaccensis)
- Ochnaceae
- Sauvagesia erecta | NakahaMi1981
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus chinensis | WuWa2019
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Cleyera japonica | Kuwana1907 | (= Taonabo japonica)
- Eurya japonica | Suh2020
- Ternstroemia gymnanthera | Kuwana1907
- Pinaceae
- Abies koreana | Suh2020
- Cedrus deodara | WuWa2019
- Keteleeria | Ali1971
- Tsuga canadensis | GimpelMiDa1974
- Piperaceae
- Piper | WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1990
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | GimpelMiDa1974
- Platanaceae
- Platanus | HamonWi1984
- Platanus orientalis | WuWa2019
- Podocarpaceae
- Nageia nagi | GimpelMiDa1974 | (= Podocarpus nagi)
- Podocarpus | JansenAl2023
- Podocarpus macrophyllus | GimpelMiDa1974
- Prumnopitys andina | Mead1993
- Polygonaceae
- Antigonon | Ali1971 Green1896 Green1909a
- Polygonum | Ali1971
- Polypodiaceae
- Pyrrosia lanceolata | WilliaWa1990
- Rhamnaceae
- Ziziphus jujuba | ShafeeYoKh1989 WuWa2019
- Rosaceae
- Chaenomeles japonica | WilliaKo1972
- Chaenomeles sinensis | Suh2020
- Chaenomeles speciosa | WuWa2019
- Crataegus | GimpelMiDa1974
- Macromeles tschonoskii | Kuwana1923c | (= Cormus tschonoskii)
- Malus asiatica | Suh2020
- Malus halliana | WuWa2019
- Malus sylvestris | Kuwana1923c
- Prunus armeniaca | Kuwana1923c | (= Armeniaca vulgaris)
- Prunus cerasifera | WuWa2019
- Prunus cerasoides | WuWa2019 | (= Cerasus cerasoides)
- Prunus domestica | Kuwana1923c
- Prunus mume | Suh2020
- Prunus persica | Kuwana1923c | (= Persica vulgaris)
- Prunus serrulata | Suh2020
- Prunus triloba | WuWa2019 | (= Amygdalus triloba)
- Prunus yedoensis | Kuwana1923c WuWa2019
- Pygeum griseum | Ali1971
- Pyracantha coccinea | GimpelMiDa1974
- Pyracantha fortuneana | WuWa2019
- Pyrus pyrifolia | Suh2020
- Rosa chinensis | WuWa2019
- Rosa multiflora | Suh2020
- Rosa rugosa | Suh2020
- Rosa xanthina | WuWa2019
- Sorbaria sorbifolia | WuWa2019
- Spiraea | GimpelMiDa1974
- Spiraea cantoniensis | WuWa2019
- Spiraea prunifolia | Suh2020
- Spiraea thunbergii | Suh2020
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea arabica | Newste1911a
- Gardenia jasminoides | Kuwana1923c | (= Gardenia florida)
- Ixora foetida | WilliaWa1990 | (= Ixora triflora)
- Neonauclea calycina | WilliaMi2010
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Ali1971 GimpelMiDa1974 KomuraMiMi1982 ShafeeYoKh1989
- Citrus japonica | WuWa2019 | (= Fortunella margarita)
- Citrus sinensis | WuWa2019
- Citrus trifoliata | Suh2020 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
- Citrus unshiu | Suh2020
- Zanthoxylum bungeanum | WuWa2019
- Salicaceae
- Populus maximowiczii | Suh2020
- Salix | HamonWi1984
- Sapindaceae
- Acer buergerianum | WuWa2019
- Acer japonicum | Green1921a | (= Acer japonicus)
- Acer negundo | Suh2020
- Acer palmatum | WuWa2019
- Dimocarpus longan | Ali1971 Takaha1942a | (= Euphoria longana)
- Dodonea viscosa | Varshn1992
- Koelreuteria paniculata | WuWa2019
- Nephelium lappaceum | GimpelMiDa1974
- Pometia pinnata | Ali1971
- Sapindus mukorossi | Suh2020
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix | DeLott1971
- Tamarix aphylla | QinGu1994
- Tamarix gallica | GimpelMiDa1974
- Theaceae
- Camellia japonica | GimpelMiDa1974
- Camellia oleifera | HamonWi1984 | (= Camellia sasanqua)
- Camellia sinensis | Ali1971 DanzigKo1990 GimpelMiDa1974 Green1900c Green1909a Green1937 ShafeeYoKh1989 Tamaki1964 Tamaki1966 | (= Thea chinensis)
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | GimpelMiDa1974
- Urticaceae
- Pouzolzia | Ali1971 Green1896
- Pouzolzia walkeriana | Green1909a
- Verbenaceae
- Duranta | QinGu1994
- Vitaceae
- Parthenocissus tricuspidata | Suh2020
Foes:
Families: 5 | Genera: 6
- Cecidomyiidae
- Pectinodiplosis erratica | GagneEt2009 PerontKo2022
- Chamaemyiidae
- Echinoleucopis nigrolinea | GaimarGoEl2024
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus kuwanae | PerontKo2022
- Encyrtidae
- Anicetus rarisetus | XuHe1997
- Anicetus zhejiangensis | XuLi1991
- Metaphycus gerardi | TavareSaDa2019
- Metaphycus niger | TavareSaDa2019
- Noctuidae
- Eublemma scitula | GaikwaKeKa2022
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 51
- Australia | Beards1986 DanzigKo1990 Frogga1915 Green1899b Kirkal1902 QinGu1994
- New South Wales | DeLott1971 QinGu1994
- Northern Territory | PerontKo2022
- Queensland | Brimbl1956a DeLott1971 QinGu1994
- Western Australia | QinGu1994
- Brazil | Iherin1897
- Bulgaria | PencheYo2016
- Canary Islands | Lindin1911a
- Chile | DanzigKo1990 Gray1828 KondoGu2010
- China | Ali1971 DanzigKo1990 Westwo1853b
- Hunan | HuHeWa1992
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Xie1998
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
- Christmas Island | AbbottGr2007
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1990
- Croatia | MilekNoSi2018
- Fiji | Beards1986
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006
- Guam | Beards1986
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | DanzigKo1990 Kirkal1902 Kirkal1904
- Honduras | PerontKo2022
- Hungary | SzitaLa2017
- India | Ali1971 Frogga1915 Green1899b Newste1917b Ramakr1919a Ramakr1930 | DanzigKo1990 Fabric1798 Kirkal1902 ShafeeYoKh1989 Targio1866
- Assam | Ali1971 Green1900c
- Bihar | Ali1971
- Himachal Pradesh | Varshn1992
- Karnataka | Varshn1992
- Madhya Pradesh | Ali1971
- Maharashtra | Varshn1992
- Tamil Nadu | AvasthSh1986 Newste1894c
- Uttar Pradesh | Varshn1992
- West Bengal | Varshn2005
- Indonesia
- Java | Beards1986 WilliaMi2010 ZarkanApTu2021
- Italy | MazzeoLoPe2014 MoriPeTo2001
- Jamaica | Kirkal1902
- Japan | Beards1986 DanzigKo1990 KomuraMiMi1982 Kuwana1917 PawlakTeIw1983 Tamaki1964 Tamaki1966
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | MuniapShWa2011
- Laos | SuhBo2015
- Malawi | PerontKo2022
- Malaysia | BenDov1993
- Sabah | PerontKo2022
- Sarawak | PerontKo2022
- Mexico | DanzigKo1990 Kirkal1902 KomuraMiMi1982
- Netherlands | FetykoKo2012
- New Caledonia | WilliaWa1990
- New Zealand | HodgsoHe2000
- Palau | Beards1986
- Panama | Beards1986
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1990
- Philippines | Ali1971
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | Martor1976 NakahaMi1981
- Russia | PerontKo2022
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | KinjoNaHi1996
- Slovenia | PerontKo2022
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994
- Sri Lanka | Ali1971 DanzigKo1990 Green1896 Green1899b Green1900c Green1909a Green1937
- Switzerland | SutterDeAn2021
- Taiwan | Ali1971
- Tanzania | Newste1911a
- Thailand | BenDov1993
- Tonga | WilliaWa1990
- Turkey | PerontKo2022
- U.S. Virgin Islands | HamonWi1984
- Uganda | Newste1910a Newste1910c
- United Kingdom
- England | Green1921a
- United States
- Alabama | HamonWi1984
- Arkansas | HamonWi1984
- District of Columbia | HamonWi1984
- Florida | HamonWi1984 Mead1993
- Georgia | HamonWi1984
- Illinois | HamonWi1984
- Louisiana | HamonWi1984
- Maryland | HamonWi1984
- Mississippi | HamonWi1984
- New Jersey | Koszta1996
- New York | HamonWi1984
- North Carolina | HamonWi1984
- Ohio | Koszta1996
- Oklahoma | HamonWi1984
- Pennsylvania | Koszta1996 Stimme1998
- South Carolina | HamonWi1984
- Tennessee | BenDov1993
- Texas | HamonWi1984
- Virginia | Koszta1996
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaBu1987
- Venezuela | PerontKo2022
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990
Keys
- JoshiBhPo2021: pp.568 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian species of Ceroplastes]
- WuWa2019: pp.521 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes in China]
- ChoiSoLe2018: pp.6-7 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae in Laos]
- FetykoKo2012: pp.293 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]
- LeeWuSu2012: pp.159-160 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the wax tests of adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]
- LeeWuSu2012: pp.160 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to slide mounted adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]
- KondoGu2010: pp.13-14 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae species of Chile]
- MoriPeTo2001: pp.42 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
- HodgsoHe2000: pp.185 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand]
- Koszta1996: pp.325 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Koszta1996: pp.325 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastren North America]
- Tang1991: pp.297 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- WilliaWa1990: pp.65 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
- HamonWi1984: pp.18 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Florida]
- Kawai1980: pp.166 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- GimpelMiDa1974: pp.19 ( Adult (F) ) [USA]
- GimpelMiDa1974: pp.71 ( Adult (M) ) [USA]
- GimpelMiDa1974: pp.19 ( Adult (F) ) [USA]
- GimpelMiDa1974: pp.71 ( Adult (M) ) [USA]
- GimpelMiDa1974: pp.19 ( Adult (F) ) [USA]
- GimpelMiDa1974: pp.71 ( Adult (M) ) [USA]
- WilliaKo1972: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Virginia]
- Borchs1957: pp.451 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
- Green1909a: pp.270-271 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceylon]
- Cocker1895: pp.8 ( Adult (F) ) [India]
Remarks
- Systematics: Subfamily: Ceroplasinae (Choi & Lee, 2019) The authorship of this species was erroneously credited to Anderson (1790) for almost 200 years. However, the correct name is Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798). For a detailed discussion on this topic see De Lotto (1971), Williams (2002) and Hodgson & Peronti, 2012. Lee, et al, 2012 examined 143 specimens labeled as C. pseudoceriferus, deposited at the National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea and determined that they were actually C. ceriferus. According to Gimpel et al. (1974), C. ceriferus is close to C. pseudoceriferus Green and C. albolineatus Cockerell. C. ceriferus differs from C. pseudoceriferus in having significantly smaller legs and ntennae,few or no multilocular disc-pores near the procoxae and many fewer stigmatic setae in each cleft. C. pseudoceriferus also has 40 marginal setae between the anterior stigmatic furrows (less than 15 in C. ceriferus). C. albolineatus differs from C. ceriferus in having 7-segmented antennae and a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis. Neither C. pseudoceriferus nor C. albolineatus has been recorded from Africa. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes ceriferus generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608. Tang (1977) and Zhu (1983) gave morphological descriptions and illustrations based on material collected from Hangzhou of Zhejiang on tea under the name of C. ceriferus, but there is an important difference between those descriptions and that given by Gimpel et al. (1974). In the descriptions by Tang (1977) and Zhu (1983), the adult females have tubular ducts forming ventral band along the submargin, whereas Gimpel et al. (1974) did not record such a band. It can be deduced, therefore, that the Hangzhou population on tea probably represents a different species. (Wu & Wang, 2019)
- Structure: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.58, a,b), Hamon & Williams (1984) and in Mori et al. (2001, 2001a). Body covered by thick white (young female) to pinkish white (old female) wet wax, convex, circular or irregular in outline, with an anteriorly projecting horn visible only on older females, without nuclei. Wax bands near both spiracles, anterior bands directed dorsally. Dry wax with filaments as follows: cephalic filament trifurcate; anterolateral and mediolateral simple; posterolateral bifurcate; caudal simple.(Lee, et al., 2012)
- Biology: Ohgushi & Nishino (1975) studied the life tables in Japan. A parthenogenetic species in USA, Virginia; develops one annual generation in USA, Maryland and Virginia; overwinters as an adult female (Kosztarab, 1996).
- Economic Importance: A pest of economic importance to many ornamentals in U.S.A. (Gimpel et al., 1974; Kosztarab, 1996). C. ceriferus is a highly polyphagous pest, and many of its host plants are citivated in Europe for fruit production or ornamental purposes. Its recent introduction into Italy showed that the pest is able to survive in parts of Europe. Although more data is needed on the impact of this scale on fruit crops, it seems that it is more a threat for ornamental crops. Control of scales is usually difficult in practice, although biological control agents exist in other parts of the world, it is not known whether they could reduce populations sufficiently under European conditions.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1971), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Kosztarab (1996), Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description and illustration of adult male by Gimpel et al. (1974).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbbottGr2007: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, 1238-1246
- Ali1971: 16
- Antonu2003: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 25-26
- AvasthSh1986: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 330-332
- Beards1986: distribution, host, 9
- Beatti1993: taxonomy, 1-19
- BenDov1993: catalog, xxiii, 24-26
- Blanch1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 238-239
- Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 457-459
- Brimbl1956a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 159-161
- Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 224-225
- CamachCh2015: ecology, host, 6, 10, 11
- ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
- ChoiSoLe2018: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 12-13
- Cocker1894d: taxonomy, 311
- Cocker1895: distribution, host, taxonomy, 7-8
- Cocker1896b: distribution, 331,333
- Cocker1902p: distribution, 253
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 43
- DavidsRa1999: control, economic importance, 1
- DeBach1958a: biological control, 759-768
- DeLott1965a: taxonomy, 198
- DeLott1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 133-140,142-143
- DengYuWa2021: illustration, symbionts, 4
- DengYuZh2012: distribution, molecular data, taxonomy, 791-796
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 111
- Fabric1798: distribution, host, taxonomy, 546
- Fernal1903b: 148-150
- Ferris1950a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 75
- FetykoKo2012: distribution, taxonomy, 291-295
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 421-422
- GagneEt2009: biological control, distribution, host, 348-349
- GaikwaKeKa2022: natural enemies, 4
- GaimarGoEl2024: host, natural enemies, 559
- Gill1988: distribution, 18
- GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
- GimpelMiDa1974: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 23-29,71-73
- Gowdey1921: distribution, host,
- Gray1828: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 7
- Green1896: distribution, host, 8
- Green1899b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 190-192
- Green1900c: distribution, host, 8
- Green1904b: description, distribution, taxonomy, 375
- Green1909a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 270-271
- Green1921a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 259
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 310
- HamonWi1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 20-22
- Hodges2001: distribution, host, life history, 1-122
- Hodges2002b: taxonomy, 208
- HodgesBr2004: ecology, host, life history, 611-622
- HodgsoHe2000: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185-186,191
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 19
- HodgsoPe2012: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33-37,50,53,54,234
- HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 183
- Hui1988: biological control, 395-398
- Iherin1897: distribution, host, 408-409
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 23,32
- JoshiBhPo2021: key, 568
- KakotiDeRo2022: distribution, host, life history, list, 7
- Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 167-169
- KinjoNaHi1996: distribution, host, 126
- Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 248
- Kirkal1902: distribution, taxonomy, 105
- Kirkal1904: distribution, taxonomy, 228
- KomuraMiMi1982: distribution, host, structure, taxonomy, 3053-3054
- KondoGu2010: distribution, host, 13
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 9
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 326-327
- Koteja1974b: taxonomy, 81
- KozarWa1985: catalog, 76
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 190
- Kuwana1917: distribution, host, taxonomy, 71-72
- Kuwana1923b: biological control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 43-50
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 79
- LeeWuSu2012: description, distribution, host, illustration, molecular data, 157-162
- Lindin1911a: distribution, host, 33
- MaChZh1995: distribution, host, 117-119
- Mahdih1933: taxonomy, 561
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, 34
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 32,233
- Maskel1893b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 216-217
- Maskel1895a: distribution, 12
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 164
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, economic importance, 56
- Mead1993: distribution, host,
- Meurge2011: distribution, 80
- MilekNoSi2018: GVA virus, diagnosis, distribution, host, 31-37
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 132
- MillerDe2018: history, 7
- MillerRuPa2014: 65
- Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 130
- MoriPeTo2001: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 41-43
- MoriPeTo2002: distribution, host, 331-336
- Morris1920: distribution, host, taxonomy, 188
- MuniapShWa2011: distribution, economic importance, host, 168,169
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, 29
- NeumanODGu2016: ant association, dispersal, distribution, host, 159-166
- Newste1894c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21-23
- Newste1910a: distribution, host, 66
- Newste1910c: distribution, host, 195
- Newste1911a: distribution, host, 167
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 128
- Ohgush1986a: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 59-62
- Ohgush1986b: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 147-149
- Ohgush1987a: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 82-85
- Ohgush1988: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 75-77
- OhgushNi1975: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-21
- OzodbeKhKo2024: molecular biology, 2
- PawlakTeIw1983: distribution, structure, 1069-1072
- Pearso1794: chemistry, life history, 383
- PellizAnGa2005: distribution, life history, 350
- PellizGaMo2004: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 39-46
- PencheYo2016: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, list of species, 19, 24
- PerontKo2022: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 232-233
- Pezzi2002: distribution, host, 31-33
- QinGu1994: distribution, host, taxonomy, 928-930
- QinGu1995: taxonomy, 301
- QinGuBe1994: taxonomy, 541-549
- Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, 29
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 346
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, 39
- RosaPeSo2011: structure, 19
- Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
- Seabra1921: distribution, host, 97-98
- Seabra1925: taxonomy, 32
- ShafeeYoKh1989: distribution, host, 47-48
- Signor1869: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 844,848,849
- Signor1872a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 40, 44-45
- SmithOtMc1971: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 889-893
- SobiroQaTu2024: phylogeny, 199
- Stimme1998: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 17-19
- Su1982: distribution, taxonomy, 61
- Suh2020: illustration, 2, 4-22, 25
- Suh2023: distribution, host, 3
- SuhBo2015: distribution, host, list, 2
- SutterDeAn2021: distribution, host,
- SzitaLa2017: distribution, host,
- Takaha1928: distribution, host, 345
- Takaha1932a: distribution, host, 104
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 30
- Takaha1952: distribution, host, 17
- Tamaki1964: chemical control, distribution, host, 159-164
- Tamaki1966: distribution, host, 297-300
- Tanaka1953: distribution, host, illustration, 57,58
- Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 92-93
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 128
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 298-299
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 79
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 51-52
- Targio1866: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 144-145
- Trembl1988b: distribution, host, 116
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S116
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 78-79
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 107-108
- Varshn1994: distribution, host, 340-341
- Varshn2005: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 155-158
- Walker1852: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1079, 1086, 1087
- Westwo1853b: distribution, host, 484
- Willia2001: distribution, 225-227
- Willia2002: taxonomy, 239
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 208
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 15
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 93
- WilliaKo1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36-43
- WilliaMi2010: distribution, host, 45
- WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 66-69
- WuWa2019: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, 521-524
- Xie1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 38-40
- XieXu2005: structure, taxonomy, 837-848
- XieXuZh2004a: chemistry, 512-518
- XieXuZh2005a: infra-red, taxonomy, wax, 133-143
- XieXuZh2006a: chemistry, morphology, wax secretion, 21-202
- XuHe1997: biological control, distribution, host, 91-94
- XuLi1991: biological control, distribution, host, 219-221
- Yang1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 187
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 155
