Valid Names Results
Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana, 1907) (Eriococcidae: Acanthococcus)Nomenclatural History
- Eriococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana 1907: 182. Type data: JAPAN: Ichijiku and Sarusuberi on Ficus carica and Lagerstroemia indica. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Tokyo: Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Tachikawa, Japan; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Nidularia lagerstroemiae (Kuwana, 1907); Lindinger 1933a: 116. change of combination
- Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana, 1907); Borchsenius 1960b: 214, 217. change of combination
- Eriococcus largerstroemiae Kuwana, 1907; Kwon, Park, Park, Choi & Kwon 1995: 295. misspelling of species epithet
- Eriococcus lagerostroemiae Kuwana, 1907; Tao 1999: 32. misspelling of species epithet
- Acanthococcus lagerstromiae (Kuwana, 1907); Kozár, et al. 2013: 77. misspelling of species epithet
- Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana, 1907); Kozár 2013: 127-129. revived combination (previously published)
Common Names
- crapemyrtle scale Yang1982
- crapemyrtle bark scale ESA2021
- escama de fieltro del árbol de júpiter DiazKo2022
- saru-suberi-fukuro-kaigaramushi DiazKo2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 15 | Genera: 23
- Buxaceae
- Buxus microphylla | ParkKiKi1993 WangChGu2016 | including var. koreana
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis sinensis | ParkKiKi1993
- Combretaceae
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | ParkKiKi1993
- Diospyros rhombifolia | XieWuDo2020
- Euphorbiaceae
- Mallotus japonicus | ParkKiKi1993
- Fabaceae
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum kalmianum | SchultSz2019
- Lamiaceae
- Callicarpa americana | SchultSz2019
- Lythraceae
- Heimia salicifolia | XieWuDo2020
- Lagerstroemia | XieWuDo2020
- Lagerstroemia caudata | WuXiKn2021
- Lagerstroemia fauriei | WuXiKn2021
- Lagerstroemia indica | Kuwana1907 WuXiKn2021
- Lagerstroemia limii | WuXiKn2021
- Lagerstroemia speciosa | KozarKaKo2013 Tang1984b | including var. flos reginae
- Lagerstroemia subcostata | WuXiKn2021
- Lythrum alatum | WuXiKn2021
- Punica granatum | TangLi1988
- Moraceae
- Ficus carica | Kuwana1907
- Ficus tikoua |
- Myrtaceae
- Myrtus | Kohler1998
- Oleaceae
- Ligustrum obtusifolium | KwonHa2003a
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Ternstroemia japonica | ParkKiKi1993
- Phyllanthaceae
- Glochidion puberum | Hua2000
- Rosaceae
- Chaenomeles speciosa | XieWuDo2020
- Malus angustifolia | XieWuDo2020
- Malus domestica | XieWuDo2020
- Malus pumila | Hua2000
- Pseudocydonia sinensis | WangChGu2016
- Rubus | Kohler1998
- Spiraea japonica | XieWuGu2021
- Spiraea thunbergii | XieWuGu2021
Foes:
Families: 5 | Genera: 15
- Aphelinidae
- Marietta picta | Suh2019
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopa septempunctata | WangChGu2016
- Chrysopa sinica | WangChGu2016
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus cacti | CaiDoGu2016
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | LuoXiZh2000 | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)
- Chilocorus rubidus | WangChGu2016
- Chilocorus stigma | WangChGu2016
- Harmonia axyridis | WangChGu2016
- Hyperaspis | CaiDoGu2016
- Hyperaspis bigeminata | WangChGu2016
- Hyperaspis lateralis | WangChGu2016
- Novius limbata | WangChGu2016
- Propylaea japonica | WangChGu2016
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus nipponicus | WangChGu2016
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus longiclavatus | WangChGu2016
- Clausenia | WangChGu2016
- Comperiella | WangChGu2016
- Grandiclavula spatulata | ZhangHu2001a
- Metaphycus | Suh2019
- Metaphycus corniae | ZhangQiLi2018
- Metaphycus cylindricus | WangChGu2016
- Metaphycus eriococci | Suh2019b WangChGu2016
- Metaphycus garmon | ZhangQiLi2018
- Metaphycus gerardi | ZhangQiLi2018
- Metaphycus maculatus | WangChGu2016
- Metaphycus nitens | ZhangQiLi2018
- Trichomasthus cyanifrons | Suh2019
- Zaomma eriococci | Suh2019 ZhangQiLi2018
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 7
- China
- Gansu (=Kansu) | Tang1984b
- Guizhou (=Kweichow) | LuoXiZh2000
- Hebei (=Hopei) | Tao1999
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Tao1999
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Hua2000
- Liaoning | Tao1999
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tang1984b
- Ningxia (=Ningsia) | Tang1984b
- Qinghai (=Chinghai) | Tang1984b
- Shandong (=Shantung) | Tao1999
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Xie1998
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Hua2000
- Xinjiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) | Hua2000
- India | Hoy1963
- Rajasthan | ShafeeAlAg1975
- Tamil Nadu | Varshn1992
- Japan | Hoy1963
- Mongolia | TangLi1988
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 Paik1978
- United Kingdom
- England | Hoy1963
- United States
- Alabama | WangChKn2015
- Arkansas | WangChKn2015
- Delaware |
- District of Columbia |
- Florida | HalberRuMa2021
- Georgia | BordenMaDa2020
- Kansas |
- Kentucky | MarwahZhGu2021
- Louisiana | WangChKn2015
- Maryland |
- Mississippi | WangChKn2015
- Missouri | WangChKn2015
- New Jersey | SkvarlaChRi2023
- New Mexico | WangChKn2015
- New York | SkvarlaChRi2023
- North Carolina | BordenMaDa2020
- Oklahoma | WangChKn2015
- Pennsylvania |
- South Carolina | MarwahZhGu2021
- Tennessee | WangChKn2015
- Texas | WangChKn2015
- Virginia | SchultSz2019 WangChKn2015
- Washington | BordenMaDa2020
Keys
- KozarKaKo2013: pp.75-77 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Acanthococcus]
- KwonHa2003a: pp.156-157 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the Species of Eriococcus in Korea] Key as: Eriococcus lagerstroemiae
- Wang2001: pp.208 ( ) [Key to Eriococcus of China] Key as: Eriococcus lagerstroemiae
- TangHa1995: pp.449, 646 ( Adult (F) ) [Eriococcus species] Key as: Eriococcus lagerstroemiae
- Wang1982c: pp.144 ( Adult (F) ) [Eriococcus species] Key as: Eriococcus lagerstroemiae
- Wang1982ZQ: pp.41 ( Adult (F) ) [Eriococcus species of China] Key as: Eriococcus lagerstroemiae
- Borchs1960b: pp.217 ( Adult (F) ) [Acanthococcus species of the USSR] Key as: Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae
- Takaha1957: pp.7 ( Adult (F) ) [Some Eriococcus species of Japan] Key as: Eriococcus lagerstroemiae
Remarks
- Systematics: GenBank accession number KJ869266 (SchultSz2019) Gen-Bank accession number: MZ312637 (XieWuGu2021)
Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae cylindrical, apices rounded, 2 or 3 sizes of setae, abundant over dorsal surface, frontal lobes present, smaller than basal segment of antenna; anal lobes sclerotized, with crenulations on mesal margin; microtubular ducts elongate, with 1 sclerotized area, orifice bifurcate (Miller, personal observation, 1999).
- Structure: Adult females are 1.1 to 2.9 millimeters (0.043 to 0.114 inches) long, 0.6 to 1.8 millimeters (0.024 to 0.071 inches) wide, wingless, pink and sessile is enclosed in sac which is snow white in color. Body is oval or broad elliptical and dark purple in color (Kuwana, 1907). Eggs are purple-red and turn pinkish-red with age (Zhao et al., 1998). Males are pink, winged and have two long white filaments at tip of the abdomen. The fore wings have reduced venation, and the hind wings have been lost altogether, along with the mouthparts. Males have one pair of eyes in dorsal side and another pair of eyes in the ventral side of the head (Wang, et al., 2015)
- Biology: This species has two generations each year. The first adults appear in late April or early May, the second from late August to late October (ParkKiKi, 1993). Zhao et al. (1998) report 3 generations per year in China and that the overwintering stage is nymphal. Additional life history information by Luo et al. (2000). In Dallas, up to four generations a year were observed, with adults appearing in late April or early May (Robbins et al., 2014). Laboratory observations suggest that after each molting, nymphs can move and find a new feeding site. (Wang, et al., 2015) Natural enemies of this bark scale found in the United States mostly are predators. During April 2015 to June 2015, researchers found the following lady beetles preying on females and eggs of the crape myrtle bark scale in Shreveport, La.: twice-stabbed lady beetle, Chilocorus stigma (Say) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); and Hyperaspis bigeminata (Randall) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). However, control by lady beetles often is too late in the season to prevent aesthetic damage from sooty mold and residual wax. (Wang, et al., 2015) CMBS crawler activity throughout autumn and winter revealed a statistically clear increase in crawler activity with higher degree-day accumulation, and densities of CMBS suggest that active crawlers remain present and population growth can occur throughout winter. CMBS nymphs can become dislodged from ecologically relevant substrates at low wind speeds (7 m/s) and provided evidence that CMBS nymphs willingly, though not preferentially, crawl onto vector proxies, a final step before dispersing phoretically. Our results indicate that trees with high-density infestations of CMBS are frequent sources of propagules, given that (i) wind speeds that shake small tree branches are likely to dislodge active crawlers and (ii) active crawlers appear willing to walk onto birds and mammals(Wright, et al., 2023)
- Economic Importance: Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae can be successfully controlled using a solution of methidathion (Supracide) emulsion (Zhao et al., 1998). A. lagerstroemiae infestations could cause aesthetic damage to crapemyrtle. Because of this plant damage, A. lagerstroemiae was recognized as one of the top nine pests in 2015 by the Greenhouse Grower magazine. Several instances suggested heavy infestation of A. lagerstroemiae could cause branch dieback and stunt growth. Limited empirical evidence has suggested a reduction in blossoms as a result of infestation with A. lagerstroemiae. Even though currently there are no reported instances of CMBS in California, the California Department of Food and Agriculture has given CMBS a rating of 14 in its pest-rating proposal, on a scale of 1 to 15 (the highest). Furthermore, it also mentions that CMBS can widely spread across California. Even though it has a moderate host range, it has high reproduction as well as dispersal potential, due to which it can have an impact on the environment and cause economic repercussions in California. A. lagerstroemiae reduced the flowering and yield of pomegranate (Punica granatum). (Wu, et al., 2022)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration by Kuwana (1907) and by Borchsenius (1960b).
Illustrations
Citations
- AhmedSh1978: biological control, distribution, host, 167
- Ali1970a: catalog, distribution, host, 76
- BhasinRo1954: distribution, host, 73
- BielenWe1990: taxonomy, 377
- BielenWe1992: physiology, 422, 424
- BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 91
- Borchs1960b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 214, 217
- BordenMaDa2020: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, life cycle,
- CaiDoGu2016: control, distribution, economic importance, illustration, natural enemies, 415-418
- ChenOw2017: chemical control, distribution,
- DiazKo2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 397-398
- ESA2021: taxonomy, 1
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 110
- FJSNH1938: taxonomy, 6
- Foldi1983a: taxonomy, 164
- FrancoChDo2022: control, entomopathogenic fungi, natural enemies,
- FrancoChDo2022a: biological control,
- Frank2021: ecology, life history, 2, 3
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 32
- GilderGuMe2021: ecology,
- GilderGuMe2021a: host, natural enemies,
- Green1915a: description, distribution, host, 177
- GuMeRo2010: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, illustration, natural enemies,
- HalberRuMa2021: biology, diagnosis, economic importance, host,
- Hartma1916: distribution, host, 95
- Hashim1982: taxonomy, 458
- HayatAlAg1975: biological control, distribution, host, 84
- Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 99
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 137
- Ishii1928: biological control, distribution, 143
- Kawai1972: distribution, 4
- Kawai1977: distribution, host, 152, 160
- Kawai1980: description, 127
- Kohler1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 379
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 20
- Kozar2009: distribution, taxonomy, 92
- KozarKaKo2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 126-128
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 74
- Kuwana1907: description, distribution, host, illustration, 182-183
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, 167
- Kuwana1917b: distribution, taxonomy, 138
- KwonHa2003a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 151
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 54-60
- KwonPaPa1995: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 295-299
- LeeLeSe2024: natural enemies, 7
- Lindin1907e: taxonomy, 476
- Lindin1908f: taxonomy, 476
- Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 116
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 368
- LiuNiLu2022: phylogenetics,
- LuoXiZh2000: biological control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 35-42
- Mani1976: biological control, distribution, 64
- MarwahZhGu2021: control, economic importance,
- MillerGi2000: catalog, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 251-253
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 165
- Paik1982: biological control, 50
- PaikKi1977: distribution, taxonomy, 42
- ParkKiKi1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 83-89
- Pierce1917: distribution, economic importance, 102
- Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, 46
- Ramakr1919b: distribution, host, 92
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, 342
- Ramakr1924: distribution, host, 344
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, taxonomy, 55
- Sander1909a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 37
- SchultSz2019: distribution, host,
- ShafeeAlAg1975: biological control, distribution, 80
- SkvarlSc2022: dispersal, distribution, host, illustration,
- SkvarlaChRi2023: dispersal, distribution, illustration,
- SongWaTa2024: phylogeny, 4, 8-9
- Suh2019: natural enemies,
- Suh2019b: natural enemies, 3, 4
- Tachik1955: distribution, 52
- Takaha1957: taxonomy, 7
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 3
- Tang1977: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 43
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 125
- TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 449, 475,593,646,722
- TangLi1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 67, 70
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 32
- Trjapi1964: taxonomy, 1458
- VafaieMeXi2020: control, ecology, natural enemies,
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 34
- WakuFo1984: illustration, 311, 313, 314, 317
- WakuMa1981: distribution, host, structure, 94-102
- Wang1974: taxonomy, 329
- Wang1982ZQ: distribution, host, taxonomy, 41, 42-43
- Wang1982c: taxonomy, 144
- Wang2001: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 208, 209-210
- WangChDi2018: physiology,
- WangChDi2018: dispersal, distribution,
- WangChDi2019a: biology,
- WangChDi2019b: physiology,
- WangChGu2016: biology, control, ecology, economic importance, host distribution, illustration,
- WangChKn2015: description, diagnosis, distribution, ecology, host, illustration, life cycle, natural enemies, 1-4
- Willia1985h: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 374
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 236
- WrightChLi2023: biology, life cycle,
- WrightChWa2023: dispersal,
- WuChXi2022: behavior,
- WuXiKn2021: economic importance, host,
- Xie1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 93-95
- XieWuDo2020: host,
- XieWuGu2021: DNA, genebank, host, illustration,
- XieWuGu2022: ecology, illustration, life history,
- Yang1982: distribution, taxonomy, 105
- ZeyaHa1993: biological control, 194
- ZhangHu2001a: biological control, 317
- ZhangQiLi2018: natural enemies,
- ZhaoHaZh1998: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 12-14
