Valid Names Results

Acanthococcus coccineus (Cockerell, 1894) (Eriococcidae: Acanthococcus)

Nomenclatural History

Eriococcus coccineus Cockerell 1894k: 204. Type data: UNITED STATES: Nebraska, Lincoln, on a cactus in a greenhouse, 23/05/1894, by Prof. Bruner. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (MillerMi1992,19-22). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Notes: Eriococcus var. lutescens Cockerell is only a color form and should not be considered as a subspecific or specific name (Miller & Miller, 1992). Male specimens are held in the CDAE.
Eriococcus coccineus lutescens Cockerell 1894k: 204. junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1955a, 116). Notes: Although Cockerell (1894k) considered this to be a color form of Eriococcus coccineus, it has been treated as a subspecies or variety several times (Cockerell 1896b and Ferris 1955a) and based on the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature must be considered a subspecies.
Eriococcus saboteneus Kuwana & Tanaka 1922: 215-221. Type data: JAPAN. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by KozarKaKo2013, 432). Notes: Morrison (1952) states that much of Kuwana's material was destroyed in the 1923 earthquake.
Dactylopius mammillariae; Lindinger 1931a: 114. incorrect synonymy
Eriococcus cactearum; Lindinger 1931a: 114. incorrect synonymy
Nidularia coccinea (Cockerell, 1894); Lindinger 1933a: 108. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
Rhizococcus multispinosus; Lindinger 1933a: 114. incorrect synonymy (discovered by Hoy1963, 103).
Acanthococcus coccineus (Cockerell, 1894); Miller & Miller 1992: 19-22. change of combination Illustr.
Acanthococcus saboteneus (Kuwana & Tanaka, 1922); Miller & Gimpel 1996: 604. change of combination
Rhizococcus coccineus (Cockerell, 1894); Kozár 2009: 106. change of combination
Acanthococcus coccineus (Cockerell, 1894); Hodgson & Miller 2010: 99-100. revived combination (previously published)
Rhizococcus coccineus (Cockerell, 1894); Kozár, Kaydan, Konczné Benedicty & Szita 2013: 432. revived combination (previously published)
Acanthococcus coccineus (Cockerell, 1894); Miller & Stocks 2022: 5. revived combination (previously published)

Common Names

cactus eriococcin Gill1993
cactus mealybug Gill1993
cactus spine scale Gill1993
spine mealybug Gill1993
woolly cactus scale Steine1987

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 1 | Genera: 20

Cactaceae

Astrophytum | Hoy1963
Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis | PadillMaNa2016
Cactaceae | Hoy1963
Cereus | BenDov2012 MillerMi1992
Cleistocactus | Hoy1963
Echinocactus | MillerMi1992
Echinocactus texensis | BenDov2012
Echinocereus | MillerMi1992 | (= Wilcoxia)
Echinopsis | MillerMi1992
Hylocereus | MillerMi1992
Mammillaria | MillerMi1992
Mammillaria parkinsonii | PadillMaNa2016
Mammillaria sempervivi | PadillMaNa2016
Neobuxbaumia polylopha | MazzeoSuRu2008
Opuntia | MillerMi1992
Opuntia ficus-indica | Foldi2000 | (= Opuntia ficus-barbarica)
Parodia | JansenAl2023 | (=Brasilocactus)
Pelecyphora | MillerMi1992
Peniocereus striatus | PadillMaNa2016
Pilosocereus pachycladus | PadillMaNa2016
Rebutia | MillerMi1992
Rhipsalis | MillerMi1992
Selenicereus | MillerMi1992
Thelocactus bicolor | MarottGa1992

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 19

Australia | Hoy1963

Brazil | Hoy1963

Canary Islands | MarottGa1992 MatileOr2001

Croatia | MastenSi2008

Czech Republic | Kohler1998

Egypt | MarottGa1992

France | Foldi2001 Hoy1963

Germany | Hoy1963

Greece | PellizChMi2015

Hawaiian Islands | Hoy1963

Israel | MarottGa1992

Italy | MarottGa1992 PellizDa1997

Japan | Hoy1963 | KuwanaTa1922

Mexico

Chihuahua | Miller1996
Coahuila | Miller1996
Morelos | PadillMaNa2016
Queretaro | Miller1996
San Luis Potosi | Miller1996
Tamaulipas | Miller1996
Veracruz | Miller1996
Zacatecas | Miller1996

Netherlands | JansenAl2023

New Zealand | Hoy1963

South Africa | MarottGa1992

United Kingdom

England | Hoy1963 Malump2006

United States

Arizona | MillerMi1992
California | MillerMi1992
District of Columbia | MillerMi1992
Florida | MillerMi1992
Maryland | MillerMi1992
Minnesota | MillerMi1992
Missouri | MillerMi1992
Nebraska | MillerMi1992
New York | MillerMi1992
Texas | MillerMi1992
Virginia | MillerMi1992
Washington | MillerMi1992
West Virginia | MillerMi1992

Keys

MillerSt2022: pp.12 ( First instar ) [Acanthococcus species]
KozarKaKo2013: pp.392-396 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]
TangHa1995: pp.520, 655 ( Adult (F) ) [Rhizococcus species] Key as: Rhizococcus coccineus
Gill1993: pp.157 ( Adult (F) ) [Acanthococcus species of California] Key as: Acanthococcus coccineus
MillerMi1993: pp.7 ( Adult (F) ) [Acanthococcus species in the eastern United States] Key as: Acanthococcus coccineus
MillerMi1992: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Acanthococcus species in the western United States] Key as: Acanthococcus coccineus
Ferris1955a: pp.97 ( Adult (F) ) [North American species of Eriococcus] Key as: Eriococcus coccineus

Remarks

Systematics: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae nearly cylindrical with truncate apices; marginal setae noticeably longer than other setae on dorsum, except for a few medial setae on thorax; 3 enlarged setae on lateral margin of each abdominal segment (Miller & Miller, 1992). Lindinger (1931a) incorrectly treated "cactearum, mammillariae and multispinosus" as junior synonyms of Eriococcus coccineus. These species currently are placed in other families or are treated as valid species of Eriococcus.Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices rounded, setae all approximately same size, forming 3 longitudinal lines on each side of body except medial line absent on abdomen, 2 or 3 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment (Kuwana & Tanaka, 1922). Kozár et al. (2013) distinguished adult females of Acanthococcus species from adult females of Rhizococcus species as follows (character states of Acanthococcus are in brackets): hind tibiae each with five setae (four) and microtubular ducts short (long). Koteja (1974) also indicated that Acanthococcus (=Acanthococcini) differs from Rhizococcus (=Rhizococcus group), with the former having eight pairs of setae on the labium while the latter has nine. Examination of these character states in the publication by Kozár et al. (2013) shows considerable incongruence. Miller & Stocks (2022) considered these character states to be useful in species-level diagnoses, but, until more detailed analyses can be undertaken on the classification of eriococcid genera, they reinstated the assignment of this species to the widespread genus Acanthococcus.
Structure: Adult female elongate, oval, body usually violet purple with central yellow band, but occasionally crimson red or dull yellow. Ovisac loose and white (Miller & Miller, 1992). The first-instar nymph of Ac. coccineus is most similar to the first-instar nymph of Ac. arenosus by the dorsal medial and mediolateral enlarged setae noticeably smaller than the lateral enlarged setae, the predominant multilocular pores with 3 loculi, and the ventrolateral enlarged setae increasing in size anteriorly. The species differ as follows (character states in brackets are of Ac. coccineus): dorsomedial and mediolateral enlarged setae conical predominantly cylindrical); each femur with five setae (each femur with four setae). (Miller & Stocks, 2022)
Biology: This species apparently has continuous overlapping generations (Gill, 1993). "Early instars remain attached to fleshy parts of cactus; adult female often migrates to spines of acactus just before oviposition. Male sacs also normally produced on cactus spines (Miller & Miller, 1992).
Economic Importance: This species appears to be a native of Mexico and southern parts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. Eriococcus coccineus infests cacti whose transportation all over the world has spread the species, which is now cosmopolitan in nurseries and greenhouses worldwide (Miller & Miller, 1992).
General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration provided by Miller & Miller (1992).Only description and illustration by Kuwana & Tanaka (1922).

Illustrations

MillerSt2022

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 27
Arnett1985: distribution, economic importance, 239
Balach1932e: distribution, 237
BarbagBiBo1995: distribution, 42
BenDov1985a: distribution, host, 187
BenDov1987: distribution, host, 114
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 33, 43
BowenBrJo1982: chemical control, distribution, host, 1
Brooke1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 88
CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, 50, 64
Cocker1894k: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 204
Cocker1894v: distribution, taxonomy, 1052
Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 323
Cocker1896h: taxonomy, 18
Cocker1900i: taxonomy, 595
CookGu2004: taxonomy, 444
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
Elkan1949: host, illustration, taxonomy, 5-6, 31
Essig1926: distribution, host, 274
FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 194
Fernal1903b: taxonomy, 72
Ferris1920b: taxonomy, 17
Ferris1955a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 97, 116
Flachs1931: taxonomy, 75
Fleury1935: distribution, host, 520
Fleury1938: distribution, host, 19, 74
Foldi2000: distribution, host, 81
Foldi2001: distribution, 305
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 11
FullawWh1934: taxonomy, 288
Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
Gill1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 157, 162
GullanCo2001: taxonomy, 95, 97
GwiazdVaDe2006: phylogenetics, 16
HardyGuHe2008: phylogeny, 369-373
HodgsoMi2010: host, taxonomy, 99
HosnyEz1957: distribution, host, 331-332
Hoy1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32, 58
Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, 80
Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 114
Hunt1939: taxonomy, 556
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 28,34
Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 128
Kawai1980: taxonomy, 128
King1901i: distribution, host, 232
Kohler1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 374
Kondo2022b: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 403-404
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 20
KondoWa2024: distribution, 2
KosztaKo1988F: distribution, 275
Koteja1974b: structure, 76
Kozar2009: distribution, taxonomy, 106,114
Kozar2009: distribution, taxonomy, 93
KozarKo2008a: taxonomy, 148
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 74
KuwanaTa1922: taxonomy, 215-221
KuwanaTa1922: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 215-221
LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 79
LepageGi1944: taxonomy, 305
Lindin1931a: distribution, host, 114, 180
Lindin1932a: taxonomy, 79
Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 108
Lindin1934e: host, taxonomy, 162
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 148
Lindin1936: taxonomy, 156
Lindin1938: distribution, taxonomy, 5
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 121
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 148
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 145
Malump2006: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 241-243
MarottGa1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 742, 744
MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
MazzeoSuRu2008: distribution, host, 149-152
Miller1991a: illustration, 442
Miller1991b: economic importance, 101
Miller1996: catalog, distribution, host, 79
Miller2005: distribution, 491
MillerGi1996: taxonomy, 604
MillerGi2000: catalog, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 166-169
MillerGi2000: catalog, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 322-323
MillerMi1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5, 19-22
MillerMi1993: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7, 23
MillerSt2022: description, illustration, key, nymph, taxonomy, 12, 15-17
Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 405
NanDeWu2013: phylogenetics, 173-174
Nishid2002: catalog, 143
PadillMaNa2016: distribution, host, 557
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 59
PellizDa1997: distribution, host, 175
PellizGe2010a: distribution, economic importance, host, 478,485,505
PellizKo2011: distribution, 67
Pember1945: distribution, host, 224, 231-2, 461
PerezGCa1985: distribution, 317
PooleGe1997: distribution, 354
PrinslMy1981: biological control, 154
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, 159
Steine1987: description, 6
Stimme1987: distribution, host, 23
StoetzMi1979: catalog, taxonomy, 10
TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 520, 524, 655
VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 64
VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
Whitne1933: distribution, host, 66
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 236
WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 165
Wise1977: distribution, taxonomy, 96
Zahrad1968: distribution, host, 11
Zahrad1977: distribution, 121
Zahrad1990c: distribution, host, 16
Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 283, 287-90